What is the Most Radioactive Substance in the World?

The nucleus of certain substances decays and emits radiation that is invisible to our naked eyes, and can only be detected by special instruments. This property of materials is called radioactivity. Radioactive materials are those that can naturally radiate energy outward and emit rays. Generally it is a metal with very high atomic mass, such as plutonium, uranium, etc. The radiation emitted by radioactive materials is mainly alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, positrons, protons, neutrons, neutrinos and other particles.

1,

radioactivity

Usually, the radiation cannot be detected by the sensory organs and must be measured with a special instrument, so the radiation dose monitoring cannot be separated from the radiation work. The implementation of radiation protection standards and whether the protective measures are safe and reliable must be verified by actual measurements. Effective radiation dose monitoring helps to detect early signs of accidents so that measures can be taken in a timely manner. Therefore, radiation dose monitoring is very important in radioactive operations or management. Radiological monitoring of radioactive materials includes both personal dose monitoring and workplace monitoring.

Individual dose monitoring is the basis of radiation protection assessment and radiation health assessment. The monitoring contents are: first, external exposure, identifying the level of external exposure of the radiation field where the worker is located, estimating the radiation dose received by the worker, and understanding the individual's radiation protection;

The dose monitoring in the workplace is to understand the dose level of the radiation field, to achieve the purpose of improving protective measures and safe production. The dose level of the radiation place comes from several aspects of radiation factors: external exposure from open and closed radiation sources, radiation from surface pollution and radioactive dust in the workplace, radiation from aerosols, etc. Frequent dose monitoring of radioactive workplaces will provide a reliable dose basis for individual exposure doses and workplace protection. ^[2]

General principles of radioactive material

1. First of all, it should be reported to the competent authority and the local health and public security department. The content of the report should clearly indicate the place and time of the accident, the nuclide that caused the accident, the current activity, the degree of harm and the scope of the nuclide. Major accidents and major accidents must be reported immediately to the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Public Security.

2. After clarifying the cause of the accident, measures should be taken immediately to prevent the accident from continuing and spreading and expanding the scope of harm.

3. When dealing with an accident, first take measures to protect the lives of workers and the public and protect the environment from pollution. If you encounter a strong radioactive source that loses its shielding or a large leak, first consider evacuating workers and the public, then study the treatment measures and protect water sources, crops and all food from contamination. If the container of the radioactive solution is broken and the radioactive solution is exuding, the solution should be moved to a complete container as soon as possible.

4. Protect the scene. When taking emergency measures, you should try to protect the scene as much as possible, especially not to allow unrelated personnel to enter. When necessary, you can use obvious signs to mark the restricted area and set up sentry posts.

5. Accidents should be handled in a timely, prompt and thorough manner without leaving future troubles. In particular, pollution accidents cannot be dealt with by burying and closing the site. If you lose radioactive materials, you must do your best to investigate and solve the case and retrieve the radioactive materials as soon as possible to prevent the loss from causing future problems in society.

6. Do a good job of measurement and monitoring in handling accidents to prevent personnel handling accidents on the site from being exposed to overdose. If emergency exposure is necessary, it must be carried out under the supervision of safety personnel and must be controlled below the nationally permitted dose limit. To the extent that can be reasonably done, minimize personnel exposure. ·

7. Dealing with complex accidents must be conducted under the guidance of qualified safety personnel. We must pay attention to social and economic benefits, reduce accident losses as much as possible, and protect the property of the country and the public.

8. Medical examination should be given to those who have an effective dose equivalent of more than 0.05Sv (5rem) at one time; medical examination and necessary treatment should be given to those who have an effective effective dose equivalent of more than 0.1Sv (10rem) at one time; Those with an effective dose equivalent of more than 1.0Sv should be handled by the clinical department of radiation sickness.

Preparation before radioactive material treatment

1. Find out the type of accident and determine the nature and scope of the accident. According to the type and nature of the accident and the toxicity and activity of the nuclide that caused the accident, the hazard of the accident and the intensity of the radiation field can be estimated as soon as possible as the basis for the accident treatment plan.

2. Develop a plan for handling the accident. According to the type of accident, the radiation field intensity. Human and material resources, formulate specific procedures and steps for handling accidents, and radiation field protection and monitoring programs. In particular, the length of stay of personnel at the scene should be clearly defined and resolutely implemented. A treatment plan should also be made for the waste generated from the accident, and a chain reaction cannot occur due to improper waste treatment, which will cause a new accident.

3. Material preparation. Such as personal protective equipment, monitoring equipment, protective shielding materials, operating machinery, chemical decontamination drugs, etc., when choosing a protective monitoring instrument, pay attention to its performance, measurement type and scope. When handling an accident on a strong gamma site, a personal dose alarm must be provided.

4, personnel are accurate. It is necessary to select experienced personnel who are familiar with the scene of the accident and skilled in handling the accident. Before entering the scene, all staff members should clearly define their responsibilities, tasks, and follow the guidance of the protection personnel. Do not handle important issues without authorization.

5. Organizational preparation. When dealing with major accidents, a special leading body must be established. The main person in charge of the unit, public security, security personnel, security protection technicians. The main tasks of the leading agency are to guide the on-site processing; to identify the cause of the accident and determine the nature of the accident; to make an accident assessment, to summarize the experience and lessons, and to propose preventive measures. In addition, various working groups composed of security personnel with clear division of labor shall be set up to carry out specific processing tasks under the guidance of experts. ^[2]