What Is Energy Diversification?

Energy is a resource that can provide energy. The energy here usually refers to thermal energy, electrical energy, light energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy, etc. Energy can be divided into three categories by source: (1) Energy from the sun. Including energy directly from the sun (such as solar thermal radiation energy) and indirect energy from the sun (such as coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale and other combustible minerals, such as biomass energy, fuel energy and wind energy). (2) Energy from the earth itself. One is the geothermal energy contained in the earth, such as underground hot water, underground steam, and dry-hot rock masses; the other is the atomic nuclear energy contained in nuclear fuel such as uranium and plutonium in the crust. (3) The energy produced by the gravitational attraction of the celestial bodies such as the moon and the sun, such as tidal energy. ^[1]

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Matter, energy and information are the basic elements that make up a natural society.

There are many types of energy, and after continuous human development and research, more new energy sources have begun to meet human needs. According to different divisions, energy can also be divided into different types. There are mainly the following eight divisions.

According to the World Energy Outlook 2008 released by the IEA, the world s primary energy demand from 2006 to 2030 will be 11.73 billion tons.

In 2003, the State Council made a major decision on accelerating the construction of large-scale coal bases and forming several key coal-level coal enterprises.

In February 2005, the State Council set up an inter-ministerial coordination leading group for coal mine gas prevention and control to coordinate and resolve major issues in coal mine gas prevention and control. Group meetings have been held annually since 2005.

In November 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Coal Industry Policy", which clarified encouraging, restrictive and prohibitive policies in terms of industrial layout, market access, industrial technology, and enterprise organization.

In December 2007, China's power generation capacity reached a new level of 700 million kilowatts. In the five years from 2002 to 2007, China's new installed power generation capacity was about 350 million kilowatts, which is equivalent to the total of more than 50 years since the founding of New China to 2002, and the total installed power of three developed countries in the UK, France, and Italy.

At the end of 2008, the first phase of the National Petroleum Reserve Project was completed and full of crude oil was stored, and China's oil safety has been initially guaranteed. According to the National Petroleum Reserve Medium- and Long-Term Plan (2008-2020) approved by the State Council, the second phase of the National Petroleum Reserve was started in early 2009, and the project construction has been fully launched. Dushanzi and Lanzhou projects have been completed and put into operation.

On August 1, 2009, China began to implement the benchmark on-grid electricity price for four-level wind power generation. According to the advantages and disadvantages of wind resources, four areas were divided and the corresponding benchmark on-grid electricity price was determined. The implementation of benchmark electricity prices for wind power has effectively promoted the marketization of China's wind power industry.

On December 19, 2010, the annual domestic oil and gas production of CNOOC exceeded 50 million tons for the first time, and the Offshore Daqing Oilfield was successfully established, and China entered the ranks of a large offshore oil and gas producer.

At the end of 2010, China s total installed wind power capacity reached 41.827 million kilowatts, surpassing the United States for the first time to become the world s largest country in installed wind power capacity.

On March 17, 2011, the Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development was promulgated, proposing to optimize the energy structure, rationally control the total energy consumption, improve the price formation mechanism of resource products, and the resource and environment tax and fee system. In the past, the development ideas for open energy supply.

On December 22, 2011, PetroChina (8.60, -0.07, -0.81%) overseas oil and gas operations exceeded 100 million tons of annual output, equity output reached 50 million tons, and "Overseas Daqing" was completed at a high level and high quality.

In May 2012, the National Energy Administration, together with the Ministry of Finance and other departments, issued the "Shale Gas Development Plan (2011-2015)", which vigorously promoted shale gas exploration and development to increase China's natural gas resource supply.

As the largest developing country in the world, China is a large energy producer and consumer. Energy production is second only to the United States and Russia, ranking third in the world; basic energy consumption accounts for 1/10 of the world's total consumption, second only to the United States, and second in the world. China is also a country with coal as its main energy source. The contradiction between economic development and environmental pollution is more prominent. In recent years, the issue of energy security has increasingly become the focus of national life and the whole society, and it has increasingly become a hidden danger to China's strategic security and a bottleneck restricting sustainable economic and social development. Since the 1990s, the sustained and rapid development of China's economy has driven a sharp rise in energy consumption. Since 1993, China has changed from a net exporter of energy to a net importer. Total energy consumption has exceeded total supply, and the external dependence of energy demand has increased rapidly. Energy sources such as coal, electricity, oil and natural gas all have gaps in China. Among them, the large increase in oil demand and the structural contradictions caused by it have increasingly become the biggest problems facing China's energy security.

1.World oil prices

World oil prices are defined as the average annual purchase cost of imported crude oil by oil refining companies. This article describes three different oil prices. The benchmark scenario represents the current judgment of OPEC's possible behavior. OPEC can maintain world oil prices in the range of 22-28 US dollars / barrel by adjusting production. It is estimated that OPEC will be the main supplier of the international oil market in the medium term, so its production decision will have a great impact on world oil prices. The world's low oil price scenario represents fierce competition in oil production and sufficient supply in the future. The high oil price scenario means that OPEC has set a lower oil production target for non-economic reasons, is united internally and can form a market monopoly.

2.World oil supply

It is predicted that the world oil supply in 2025 will increase by 44 million barrels per day compared with 2001. The increase in production comes not only from OPEC countries but also from non-OPEC oil producing countries. However, only 40% of the total increase may come from non-OPEC countries. In the past 20 years, the increase in oil production in non-OPEC oil producing countries has caused OPEC's market share to be far below its historical highest market share of 52% in 1973. New exploration and extraction technologies, reduced industrial costs, and government fiscal and tax incentives for manufacturers are all conducive to the continued increase in oil production in non-OPEC oil producing countries. In the next 20 years, 60% of the increase in oil demand will be completed by the increase in output of OPEC member countries, rather than relying on non-OPEC oil producing countries. OPEC oil production is expected to be 25 million barrels per day higher in 2025 than it was in 2001. It is expected that the production capacity of OPEC in 2010 will be slightly less than the previous forecast. Some analysts have suggested that OPEC may pursue continued price increases by retaining its capacity expansion strategy.

3. Reserves and resources

Petroleum resource benchmarks can be divided into three categories: proven reserves (proven but unexplored oil), reserve growth value (mainly due to technical factors that increase oil and gas recovery rates, leading to increased reserves), and undiscovered reserves (waiting Resources discovered through exploration). The United States, the former Soviet Union, Central and South America, and Africa have experienced rapid growth in reserves, while the former Soviet Union and Central and South America have large undiscovered reserves.

4. Prices predicted by other institutions in the world

Several analysts made predictions on oil prices, and the predictions differed widely. In the next 20 years, the price of crude oil will basically remain at the level of 20-25 US dollars / barrel.

A series of problems caused by transportation, finance, industry and commerce, etc. due to the exhaustion of currently used traditional fossil energy such as oil and coal, and the failure to establish a new energy production and supply system.

Some renewable energy utilization technologies have made considerable progress and have formed a certain scale around the world. At present, biomass, solar, wind and hydropower, geothermal energy and other utilization technologies have been applied.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) conducted a study of international power demand from 2000 to 2030, and research has shown that the average annual growth rate of total power generation from renewable energy sources will be the fastest. IEA research believes that non-hydraulic renewable energy power generation will grow faster than power generation from any other fuel in the next 30 years, with an annual growth rate of nearly 6%. Between 2000 and 2030, its total power generation will increase by 5 times. In 2030, it will provide 4.4% of the world's total electricity, of which biomass energy will account for 80% of it.

At present, the proportion of renewable energy in primary energy is generally low, on the one hand, it is related to the attention and policies of different countries, and on the other hand, it is related to the high cost of renewable energy technologies, especially solar energy with high technology content. , Biomass energy, wind energy, etc. According to the IEA's forecast research, the cost of renewable energy power generation will drop significantly in the next 30 years, thereby increasing its competitiveness. The cost of renewable energy utilization is related to many factors, so the result of the cost forecast has certain uncertainty. However, these forecast results indicate that the cost of renewable energy technology will continue to decline.

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the research and development of renewable energy. The State Economic and Trade Commission formulated the Tenth Five-Year Plan for the development of new and renewable energy industries, and formulated and promulgated the Renewable Energy Law of the People's Republic of China, focusing on the development of solar thermal power, wind power, efficient use of biomass and Use of geothermal energy. In recent years, with the strong support of the country, China has made great progress in the fields of wind power generation, ocean energy tidal power generation, and solar energy utilization.

New energy (or renewable energy is more appropriate) mainly includes solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, etc. After decades of exploration of biomass energy, many experts at home and abroad have stated that this energy method cannot be vigorously developed. It will not only rob land resources on which humans depend, but also lead to unhealthy development of society. Development and the use of air-conditioning have the same characteristics. For example, large-scale development will inevitably lead to the destruction of the regional surface soil environment and will cause another change in the ecological environment. Wind and solar energy are inexhaustible to the earth. Inexhaustible healthy energy, they will definitely become the mainstream of alternative energy in the future.

Solar power generation has the characteristics of simple layout and convenient maintenance. It has a wide range of applications. Now the global installed capacity has begun to catch up with traditional wind power generation. In Germany, it is even close to 5% -8% of the national total power generation. We were unexpected that the time limitation of solar power generation caused an impact on the power grid. How to solve this problem has become a big confusion in the energy industry.

Wind power began to enter the stage of history at the end of the 19th century. In the development of more than 100 years, wind power has been the only one in the new energy field. Due to its relatively low cost, it has become the first choice of new energy in various countries. However, with the increasing number of large-scale wind farms, the land occupied is also expanding, and the social contradictions arising are becoming increasingly prominent. How to solve this problem has become another confusion for us.

As early as 2001, MUCE carried out a research in order to develop a stable island communication power supply. After more than six years of research and practice, it finally promoted a mature new application mode MUCE wind and solar complementary system to the society. This system adopted A new type of vertical axis wind turbine (H-type) independently developed by China is combined with solar power generation at a ratio of 10: 3 to form a relatively stable power output. Practical applications have been made on buildings, in the field, communication base stations, street lights, and islands, and a large amount of reliable usage data has been obtained. The research results of this system will bring new impetus to the development of new energy in China and the world.

The new vertical axis wind turbine (H type) breaks through the shortcomings of traditional horizontal axis wind turbines such as high starting wind speed, high noise, poor wind resistance, and affected by wind direction. It adopts completely different design theories, adopts new structure and Material, achieves breeze start, no noise, resistance to typhoons above level 12, and is not affected by wind direction. It can be widely used in villas, multi-storey and high-rise buildings, street lamps and other small and medium applications. The wind-solar complementary power generation system built on it has the advantages of stable power output, high economy, and small impact on the environment. It also solves the impact of solar energy development on the power grid.

As the energy crisis is approaching, new energy has become one of the main energy sources in the world in the future. Among them, solar energy has gradually entered our ordinary life, and wind power can be seen or heard occasionally, but how can they be used as new energy in practice? What is the pattern of the development of new energy? These issues will need to be explored for a long time to come.