What Do Livestock Farmers Do?

Animal husbandry is the use of the physiological functions of domesticated animals such as livestock and poultry, or wild animals such as deer, musk deer, foxes, sables, otters, quails, etc., through artificial breeding and reproduction, it can transform plants such as forage and feed For animal energy, to obtain animal products such as meat, eggs, milk, wool, cashmere, hides, silk and medicinal materials. Different from self-sufficient livestock breeding, the main characteristics of animal husbandry are centralized, large-scale, and profit-oriented production. Animal husbandry is an extremely important part of the material exchange between humans and nature.

[xù mù yè]

Animal husbandry refers to the use of grazing, captive or a combination of

In the early stages of economic development, animal husbandry often manifested as a sideline of crop production, the so-called

The main characteristics and requirements of animal husbandry are:

(1) Its expanded reproduction is closely related to the proportion of male, female, young, and young animals in various types of livestock and poultry. Therefore, maintaining a reasonable herd structure is very important for accelerating the development of animal husbandry.

(2) Feed is the basis of animal husbandry. Only by constantly solving the problem of feed can we speed up the development of animal husbandry.

(3) The commercial nature of animal husbandry is very high, and the products are not easy to transport and easy to perish. Therefore, close cooperation is required in terms of acquisition, processing, storage, and transportation.

(4) The animal husbandry industry has a large adaptability to natural and economic conditions, which can be grazed and housed.

Because of these characteristics and requirements, the development of animal husbandry must be based on the natural and economic conditions of each locality, adapt to local conditions, and give play to its advantages.

Animal husbandry mainly includes cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, camels, pigs, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, rabbits, bees and other livestock and poultry breeding and deer, marten, otter, musk and other wild economic animal domestication. It not only provides raw materials for the textile, oil, food, pharmaceutical and other industries, but also provides rich foods such as meat, milk, eggs, poultry, etc. for the people's daily life, and serves livestock and manure for agriculture. Therefore, doing a good job in animal husbandry production is of great significance to promote economic development, improve people's livelihood, increase export materials, and strengthen national unity. The conditions for the development of animal husbandry are: natural conditions are suitable, that is, light, heat, water, and soil are suitable for the growth and development of various forages and livestock. The grassland area is large, the quality is good, and there are many types. There is a certain material foundation and production potential. Very large, can achieve less investment, quick results, high returns; the majority of farmers have experience and skills in animal husbandry production. There are many types of animal husbandry. According to the type of feed, the composition of animal species, and the management mode, it can be divided into animal husbandry in pastoral areas, animal husbandry in agricultural areas, and animal husbandry in suburbs.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's animal husbandry has developed rapidly, and the output value of animal husbandry has continued to increase, from 3.37 billion yuan in 1949 to 20.93 billion yuan in 1978; in 1990, the animal husbandry output value further increased to 196.7 billion yuan, which was 1949. More than 58 times that of 1978, more than 9 times that of 1978; by 2010, the output value of animal husbandry has exceeded 200 billion yuan, accounting for more than 30.04% of the country's total agricultural output value. It can be seen that with the continuous increase of China's animal husbandry output value, its The status of agriculture has also improved. In 2010, the animal husbandry industry has become a pillar industry of China's agriculture and rural economy. Its large-scale production and industrialized management have prominent features, and its regionalization and marketization characteristics are distinctive. By 2015, the proportion of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding in the country will increase by 10-15 percentage points, and the proportion of animal husbandry output value to the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery will reach 36%. At the same time, financial support for the animal husbandry industry was also proposed for the first time, and localities with conditions were encouraged to establish animal husbandry loan guarantee funds and guarantee companies to provide services for the financing of leading livestock processing companies. The introduction of financial policies is expected to enable large-scale breeding companies to break through capital and scale bottlenecks. The prospects for the development of animal husbandry are broad.

Since the reform and opening up, the basic conditions for the production of animal husbandry in China have continued to improve and production methods have changed rapidly. The overall production capacity of the animal husbandry industry and the ability to ensure effective supply in the market have been continuously strengthened. In 2010, China's meat and poultry eggs production ranked first in the world, and milk production ranked third in the world. With the increase in production, China s per capita share of livestock products has also continued to rise. In 1978, the country s per capita meat, eggs, and milk occupations were only 9.1 kg, 2.4 kg, and 1.0 kg, respectively. By 2010, the per capita possessions had reached 45.8. The kilograms, 20.7 kilograms, and 26.7 kilograms were 5.0 times, 8.6 times, and 26.7 times, respectively, in 1978.

In 2010, China s urban residents are still in the rising stage of steadily increasing consumption of animal foods, especially beef and mutton, poultry, liquid milk and dairy products, and aquatic products. There will also be a rapid increase. As the income of the majority of rural residents increases, meat and egg consumption will experience a period of rapid growth. The emergence of real demand for rural milk consumption may be a few years later, but its potential will be greater. In general, the consumption of livestock products by Chinese residents will enter a period of stable growth in the next 15-20 years. The development of animal husbandry in China still has great development potential.

During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the comprehensive production capacity of animal husbandry will be significantly enhanced, and the scale, standardization and industrialization will be further improved. It is estimated that by 2015, the output of meat, eggs, and milk will reach 85 million tons, 29 million tons, and 50 million tons, respectively, and the output of wool will reach 430,000 tons. The output value of animal husbandry will account for 36% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. The good development prospects of the animal husbandry industry will continue to drive the veterinary drug industry to develop steadily.

in accordance with

Livestock farming mainly based on house feeding in agricultural areas is called livestock farming in agricultural areas.

In grassland and desert areas, animal husbandry based on grazing is called pastoral area animal husbandry. Livestock are mainly herbivores. The management is extensive, the farming and pastoral integration is not close, the seasonal fluctuation of forage supply is large, it is vulnerable to the threat of severe weather, and the livestock productivity is low and uneven. China's pastoral areas are located in the northern and western borders, including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi and other provinces and autonomous regions. ), The area accounts for more than 50% of the total land area of the country, and the number of livestock heads accounts for 22% of the total number of heads of livestock in the country. The basic principles of development are: rational use and protection of existing natural grasslands;

Grassland animal husbandry refers to grassland animal husbandry that uses grassland to directly graze livestock, or uses grassland as forage mowing land to raise livestock. The nature of Chinese grasslands from plant communities can be divided into natural grasslands,

It is distributed in a long and narrow strip along the north and south of the Great Wall. It is one of the main supply bases for service animals and meat animals in agricultural areas. This area was historically

Mainly distributed in cities and large

In China, high-level animal husbandry talents are mainly made up of

Livestock pollution

The main components in livestock and poultry excretion are nitrogen compounds, calcium, phosphorus, soluble nitrogen-free substances, crude fiber, other trace elements, and certain drugs.The contents of various components vary with the species of livestock and poultry, feed, and feeding methods. On the other hand, air, water, soil, etc. will be polluted after excrement. Waste includes egg shells, internal organs, hair, blood, and leftovers. These wastes can be recycled and processed into useful substances in a timely manner. If they are not disposed of in a timely manner and discarded with feces, they will also become pollutants with feces. ^[3]

Formulate laws and regulations to prevent pollution and strengthen environmental supervision

According to the specific development and level of China's animal husbandry, find a set of feasible livestock environmental quality standards and livestock and poultry excreta and waste discharge standards, for the existing large-scale livestock and poultry farms and new, reconstructed and expanded livestock and poultry farms. Planning and management, provide theoretical and legal basis, and bring the environmental management of livestock and poultry farms into the legal management track. Establish and improve a professional animal husbandry environmental quality supervision institution, make corresponding provisions on pollution caused by various aspects of livestock and poultry farms, find out the extent of pollution from livestock and poultry farms and the surrounding air, soil, water, rivers, lakes, etc. Harm, take targeted measures to control, to achieve the purpose of animal husbandry environmental governance. ^[3]

1 Low standardization and low overall production level

Of the 70 large-scale farms surveyed, only two have basically reached the "six transformation" standard (breeding of livestock and poultry, breeding facilities, standardized production, institutionalized epidemic prevention, harmless manure treatment, and normalized supervision). , The ratio is extremely low, and the degree of standardization is very different from that of the European Union and the United States.

2 The overall strength of feed and veterinary drug companies is low, and the market competitiveness is not strong

More than 80% of the 86 feed production companies surveyed have an annual production scale of less than 50,000 tons; of the 26 veterinary drug production companies, only 23% have an annual output value of more than 5 million yuan, which is a large gap compared with similar enterprises in brother provinces. Of the 26 veterinary drug manufacturing companies surveyed, 18 were simply mixed or sterilized and packaged with the purchased raw materials, and the technical content of the products was low; 12 of the 15 feed manufacturing companies were inadequate in terms of independent innovation for the introduction of technology. In terms of product research and development, only 5 of the 26 companies have set up dedicated research and development departments, accounting for only 19.2%.

3 The service system needs to be strengthened and it is difficult to meet the needs of the work

Of the 30 animal husbandry technology promotion institutions, 73% of the units have working conditions that cannot meet their work needs. Village-level epidemic prevention staff are poorly paid, with low education and old age. 74.4% of the annual salary of the epidemic prevention staff is less than 1,200 yuan; only 17.2% have a high school education or above; only 23.4% are under the age of 40. The average staffing capacity of 70 county stations is 18.5. 73% of the units reflect that the staffing level is too small to meet job needs, and 59% of the units have not recruited graduates of this major in the past five years. 56% of the counties and districts and 40% of the townships have less than 70% of their professional and technical personnel, and 17% of counties and districts and 50% of the townships have more than 50% of their employees over 46 years old. Of the 100 respondents, 69% of county stations and 60% of towns and townships have a tight working budget, which makes it difficult to guarantee the normal work. Lack of labor protection for livestock and veterinary staff. Only the individual counties of Ansai and Wuqi in the province have applied for commercial insurance such as medical insurance and accident insurance for epidemic prevention staff.

4 Lack of talent resources, uncoordinated with industrial development

The lack of young and educated labor in rural areas is a prominent phenomenon. Among the 100 surveyed villages, more than 65% of the laborers are aged 45 to 60, and less than 18% have a junior high school education or higher, which directly affects the promotion of advanced animal husbandry technology and management models. The scale farm lacks a field manager who understands both professionalism and management. And managerial talents. Of the 70 large-scale farms surveyed, 48.5% were lay bosses; technology promotion lacked service-oriented talents for the development of modern animal husbandry. There are 30 animal husbandry technology promotion agencies. Less than 8% of the technical staff are familiar with pen design and equipment configuration. Only 8 people will understand the DHI report and only 4 have mastery of TMR technology. The technical support lacks laboratory testing and inspection personnel. Of the 20 county-level animal epidemic control centers, only 11 counties can meet the needs of the normal work of veterinary laboratories. The existing human resources are not in harmony with the rapid development of animal husbandry.

5 Many constraints and weak policy support

Large investment, high risk, high pollution, difficult loans, difficult land use, and difficult insurance. The "three major and three difficult" problems have become the main factors restricting the development of animal husbandry. Each household has its own funds of 50,000 to 80,000 yuan, but a pig farm that sells 200 pigs a year needs to invest about 180,000 yuan; build a "stone sheep model" (the stone sheep broiler model is based on the Shiyang Group, Adopting the "company + farmer" order model, the group signed long-term feeding contracts with farmers, guided the construction of standardized broiler breeding pens, unified feeding, feeding, drug supply, epidemic prevention, and recovery of broiler chickens), and a stock of 5,000 broiler chickens The house needs to invest about 150,000 yuan, which exceeds the investment ability of ordinary farmers; 68% of the respondents indicated that the large risk of disease is the main factor restricting the development of animal husbandry, and 51% of the respondents indicated that the large market risk is the main constraint to the development of animal husbandry Factors; With the construction of new countryside, ecological civilization, integrated urban-rural development, sustainable and healthy agricultural development, environmental pollution has become a major factor restricting the large-scale development of animal husbandry. The 63 questionnaires reflect that the difficulty of loans is the biggest obstacle to the expansion of animal husbandry, and only 12 of the 70 scale farms have access to bank credit. The 58 questionnaires reflect that it is difficult to use land to restrict the rapid expansion of the scale of animal husbandry. There is a lack of a comprehensive insurance system for high-risk farming industries. For example, a sow insurance policy of 1,000 yuan and a cost price of more than 3,000 yuan per sow differ widely, which cannot effectively protect the interests of farmers, and the animal husbandry insurance system is not complete.