What Is Blood Poisoning?

Pesticides mainly refer to the general term for substances or compounds used to destroy and prevent crop diseases, insects, rats, grasses, and insecticides. Since the 1940s, with the advancement of science and technology and the continuous development of production, the variety of artificial pesticides has been increasing. At present, there are about 1,200 pesticides in the world, and about 250 are commonly used. There are various classification methods for different pesticides according to the purpose. For example, according to the chemical structural characteristics of pesticides, it can be divided into inorganic pesticides and organic pesticides, and organic pesticides can be divided into various types, such as organic chlorine, organic arsenic, organic sulfur, and organic phosphorus; according to the action mode of pesticides, they can be divided into systemic agents. , Contact pesticides, stomach poisons, fumigants, etc .; mainly divided into pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, fumigants, rodenticides, etc. according to use, raw materials and toxicity. The application of these pesticides has played an active role in various aspects such as agriculture, animal husbandry and public health.

Basic Information

English name: pesticide poisoning
Visiting department: Emergency Department
Multiple groups: Pesticide production users
Common causes: 1. Accidental pollution during production, transportation, storage, and sales; 2. Improper use or abuse; 3. Consumption of vegetables, food contaminated with pesticides, or misuse, etc.

Common symptoms: Skin congestion, edema, rash, itching, blister irritability, disturbance of consciousness, convulsions, coma, muscle tremors, paresthesia or paresthesia, etc.

However, with the long-term, widespread and large-scale use of pesticides, environmental pollution has become increasingly serious, and poisoning and other incidents caused by it have gradually increased, becoming one of the main causes of poisoning and accidental death.

Pesticide poisoning refers to the amount of pesticides entering the body during exposure to pesticides that exceeds the maximum tolerance of normal people, affecting the normal physiological functions of people, causing physiological disorders and pathological changes in the body, showing a series of clinical symptoms of poisoning .

Causes of pesticide poisoning

Productivity

In the production process, due to backward equipment technology and tight sealing, running, running, dripping, leaking, or bare hands during pesticide packaging, lack of protective measures, or accidents during transportation, storage, and sales, causing pesticides to pollute the environment Or skin, poisoning through inhalation or absorption through the respiratory tract.

2. Practicality

When pesticides are used, they violate safety regulations and lack of personal protection, or they are improperly used and abused. They are absorbed and poisoned through the respiratory tract or skin and mucous membranes.

3. Life

In daily life, eating vegetables and foods contaminated with pesticides, or misuse, ingestion and self-serving, homicide, poisoning, etc., can be absorbed through the digestive tract and cause poisoning.

Clinical manifestations of pesticide poisoning

Since the poisoning mechanism of different pesticides is different, the symptoms of poisoning are also different.

1. Common manifestations of pesticide toxicity

(1) Local irritation Symptoms Skin congestion, edema, rash, itching, blisters, or even burns or ulcers. Organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, organosulfur, herbicide, paraquat and other pesticides have the strongest effects.

(2) Nervous system manifestations damage the nervous system metabolism, function, and even structure, causing obvious neurological symptoms. Common symptoms include toxic encephalopathy, cerebral edema, peripheral neuropathy, irritability, disturbance of consciousness, convulsions, coma, muscle tremors, paresthesia or paresthesia. Insecticides, such as organophosphorus, organochlorine, carbamate, and other pesticide poisoning are common.

(3) The toxic effects of cardiotoxicity on the nervous system are mostly the pathophysiological basis of cardiac function damage, and some also have direct damage to the myocardium. Such as organochlorine, organophosphorus, paraquat, zinc phosphide and other pesticide poisoning, often cause ECG abnormalities (ST-T wave changes, arrhythmia, conduction block), cardiogenic shock and even sudden death.

(4) Symptoms of the digestive system Most pesticides can cause chemical gastroenteritis by oral administration, and symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, etc., such as arsenic preparations, paraquat, organophosphorus, propylene oxide and other pesticides can cause corrosive gastroenteritis And there are vomiting, blood in the stool and other manifestations.

2. Unique performance of different pesticide toxicity

(1) Toxic manifestations of the blood system such as insecticides , herbicides, etc. can cause ferritinemia and even hemolysis; indanedione and hydroxycoumarin rodenticides can damage the blood coagulation mechanism and cause systemic bleeding .

(2) Hepatotoxicity manifestations such as organic arsenic, organic phosphorus, organic chlorine, carbamate, paraquat, and insecticidal pesticides can cause abnormal liver function and liver enlargement.

(3) Lung irritation manifestations such as sodium pentachlorophenol, bitter chloride, fomezine, insecticidal, organophosphorus, carbamate, paraquat, etc. can cause chemical pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and paraquat can still cause Acute pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.

(4) Pesticides that cause intravascular hemolysis due to the manifestation of renal toxicity , in addition to acute renal tubular obstruction and necrosis caused by the production of a large amount of free hemoglobin, some such as organic sulfur, organic arsenic, organic phosphorus, organic chlorine, insecticidal bis, pentachlorophenol It also has direct toxicity to renal tubules, which can cause acute necrosis of renal tubules, and severe cases can cause acute renal failure.

(5) Other manifestations Some pesticides can cause high fever. For example, organochlorine pesticides can cause central high fever due to damage to the nervous system; sodium pentachlorophenol and dinitrophenol are uncoupled due to oxidative phosphorylation in the body, so that the energy generated during the oxidation process cannot be stored in the form of high-energy phosphate bonds. The heat energy is released, which leads to high fever, sweating, coma, and convulsions.

Pesticide poisoning check

Poison determination

When the poison is unknown, collect the remaining poison and the patient's vomit and excreta for a poison test.

2. Specificity test

Specific tests were performed on the first toxicant. If suspected organophosphate poisoning, check blood cholinesterase activity.

Diagnosis of pesticide poisoning

1. Learn more about toxic exposure history

Productive poisoning, ask the patient's occupational history, type of work, production process, the type and quantity of poisons exposed, the way of poisoning and other people's disease; Agent.

2. Analyze clinical characteristics, make preliminary diagnosis and poison judgment

(1) For those who suddenly have cyanosis, vomiting, coma, convulsions, dyspnea, and shock for unknown reasons, first consider the possibility of acute poisoning, and exclude other diseases such as hypoglycemic coma, heat stroke, and acute cerebrovascular disease.

(2) Judging the diagnosis of poisoning, the type and severity of suspicious poisons based on the clinical characteristics.

3. Strict physical examination to assess the critical condition

The examination content includes: vital signs, skin, lungs, heart, nervous system, abdomen, breath odor, urine color, etc. The physical examination is used to assess the criticality of the critical condition and identify the main factors that endanger the patient's life.

4. Make a clear diagnosis based on laboratory results

(1) Poison measurement When the poison is unknown, collect the remaining poison and the patient's vomit and excreta for a poison test.

(2) Specificity test For specific poisons, specificity test is performed. Such as suspected organophosphate poisoning check blood cholinesterase activity, suspected carbon monoxide poisoning check oxyhemoglobin and so on.

Pesticide poisoning treatment

In order to minimize symptoms and death, first aid measures must be taken early, as soon as possible, and in a timely manner.

1. Remove pesticide pollution sources and prevent poisons from continuing into the body

(1) Those who are poisoned by absorption through the skin should immediately remove the contaminated clothes and rinse them immediately with warm water; if pesticides are splashed into the eyes, immediately rinse them with physiological saline more than 20 times, and then drip 2% cortisone And 0.25% chloramphenicol eye drops.

(2) Inhaled through the respiratory tract causes the poisoned person to immediately move the poisoned person to a place with fresh air, and loosen the collar and belt to keep the airway open.

(3) Those who cause poisoning through the digestive tract should induce vomiting, gastric lavage and catharsis as soon as possible according to the type of poisoning poison.

2. Eliminate absorbed pesticides and their metabolites as soon as possible

(1) Oxygen-absorbing pesticides cause poisoning. Oxygen inhalation can promote the elimination of poisons from the respiratory tract.

(2) Infusion of 5% or 10% glucose saline to promote the excretion of pesticides and their metabolites from the kidney.

(3) Dialysis uses colon, peritoneal, and renal dialysis to expel toxins.

(4) Hemoperfusion : the patient's blood is introduced into the column containing the adsorbent, and the extracorporeal circulation is used to remove the blood poison.

3. Early, sufficient, combined use and other special antidote

Toxic poisoning with special antidote should be treated as soon as possible, in sufficient quantity, and in combination. Such as organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, detoxification with atropine and cholinesterase reactivator, organochlorine pesticide poisoning can be detoxified with thiol complexing agents.

4. Symptomatic supportive treatment

Correct hypoxia in time, maintain water, electrolyte and acid-base balance, protect organs, prevent secondary infections, and strengthen nutrition.

Pesticide poisoning prevention

1. Strengthen the publicity of pesticide poisoning prevention knowledge for production, storage, and use personnel, and improve the protection awareness and level of protection for key personnel.

2. Strict production safety management, continuously improve pesticide production equipment and technology, and strict operating procedures to prevent running, dripping, dripping, leaking and accidents.

3. In the transportation of pesticides, strictly special car (ship) shipment, special warehouse (cabinet) storage, special rack sales, special dispensing containers and pesticide application equipment, and warning signs are clearly displayed to prevent pollution or misuse.

4. Use pesticides reasonably. Strictly abide by the pesticide application rules, and correctly grasp the dosage and concentration of the drug or seed dressing liquid to prevent overuse or abuse.

5. Regularly carry out physical examinations and health monitoring of pesticide production workers to timely prevent the health hazards of pesticides to contacts.