What Is Plasmodium Vivax?

Plasmodium is a sporeworm transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and is a pathogen of malaria. There are four types of Plasmodium parasites in the human body, namely Plasmodium vivax Grassi & Feletti (1890), Plasmodium malariae Laveran (1881), Plasmodium falciparum Welch (1897) and oval Plasmodium ovale Stephens (1922). ^[1]

Plasmodium

Plasmodium is a sporeworm transmitted by Anopheles, which is

There are many types of Plasmodium. There are 4 types of Plasmodium that are parasitic to humans, namely

Plasmodium can ingest nutrients through the infiltration of the surface membrane or through the mouth of the cell. in

The main pathogenic stage of Plasmodium is the proliferative phase of the erythrocyte. The pathogenicity is related to the invading insect species, quantity and human immune status.

After the successful DDT trial of adult mosquitoes in 1946 made it possible to eliminate malaria, the 8th World Health Assembly in 1955 changed the previous malaria control strategy to a malaria elimination strategy. Over time, people discovered the use of insecticides The elimination of Anopheles mosquitoes by agents is facing more and more problems, such as the emergence of drug-resistant mosquito species, environmental pollution caused by pesticides, and ecological balance. As a result, the global malaria elimination plan has suffered serious setbacks. In 1978, the 31st World Health Assembly decided to abandon the global plan for eradicating malaria and change the control measures for malaria back to control strategies. The two major strategic changes experienced in the past 20 years not only reflect the complexity of the malaria problem, but also reflect that people's awareness of the fight against malaria is increasing.

China's malaria control strategy is to implement the policy of "adjusting to local conditions, classifying guidance, and highlighting priorities", adopting corresponding comprehensive control measures, insisting on long-term combat and repeated struggle. In the vast area where Anopheles sinensis is the sole medium, comprehensive measures have been taken focusing on the prevention of infectious sources and mosquito prevention, combined with reducing the breeding ground of mosquitoes inside and outside the village. In areas where Anopheles minimus and Anopheles anthropophagus are the main vectors, measures must be taken to eliminate mosquitoes and prevent infection. In areas where Anopheles mosquitoes are the main vector, comprehensive measures are taken to change the ecological environment, prevent transmission media, and control the source of infection. In areas where the incidence of malaria has been reduced to less than 1 / 10,000, malaria surveillance has been adopted.

1. Prevention includes individual prevention and group prevention. Preventive measures include mosquito vector control and preventive medication. Mosquito control includes mosquito killing and the use of mosquito nets and repellents. Preventive medication is one of the important measures to protect vulnerable groups. Commonly used preventive antimalarial drugs are chloroquine (chloroquine), and against chloroquine malaria, piperaquine or piperiquine plus pyrimethamine or pyrimethamine and primaquine can be used. Regardless of the individual or group taking preventive medication, each drug therapy should not exceed six months.

Plasmodium

2. Treatment: Malaria treatment should include treatment of patients with existing symptoms (killing Plasmodium in the red blood cell phase) and treatment of malaria onset (killing extra red blood cell dormants). The treatment of the resting phase refers to the treatment of those who have a history of malaria and carriers in 1 to 2 years during the resting phase of malaria transmission in order to control the recurrence of vivax and reduce the source of infection.

According to the effects of antimalarial drugs on the different stages of Plasmodium, it can be divided into anti-relapse drugs that kill the erythrocyte extraperitoneal merozoites and dormants, such as primary aminoquinoline; Clinical onset drugs, such as chloroquine, pyronaridine, artmisinin, and sporozoites that inhibit spore proliferation in mosquitoes, such as pyrimethamine.

For current patients, chloroquine plus primary aminoquinoline can be used to treat malaria.

Plasmodium

Patient-like or vivax malaria; anti-relapse vivax (dwelling period treatment) can be better with primary aminoquinoline plus ethylpyrimidine, artesunate and primary aminoquinoline; malignant malaria can be treated with chloroquine alone, anti-chloroquine Malignant malaria should be used in combination, such as piperazine plus sulfadoxine, pyridazine plus sulfadoxine and primary aminoquinoline, and artemether tablets. Artesunate, artemether, bis Hydroartemisinin also has a certain effect; artemisinin is preferred for severe malaria (such as cerebral malaria), such as intramuscular injection of artemether oil, intravenous injection of artesunate sodium, or intravenous injection of dihydroartemisinin plus Quinoline dihydrochloride; In addition, suppositories of artemisinin are suitable for patients who cannot take the drug orally. The above-mentioned various antimalarial drugs must be taken in sufficient quantities and taken in full to achieve the purpose of eradicating malaria.