What Is a Building Official?

Officials, that is, officials, ^[1] is also the general name for government workers. Refers to any of the nine official positions in the feudal era of China. The lower officials are those who pass the Chinese Classical Literature Examination (the Imperial Examination).

[gun lì]

Words: official

Pinyin: gun lì

Official Titles in Ancient Yao Dynasty

• Central government office

  Qin set up a prime minister, a lieutenant and a doctor in charge of history. The prime minister is in charge of administration, the lieutenant is in charge of military affairs, and the doctor in charge of history is in charge of supervision and secretarial work.

  The Han Dynasty generally followed the Qin system and was called Sangong. There are Jiuqing under the administration of all aspects of government affairs, and later generations have evolved into three provinces and six departments. The three provinces are Zhongshu province (decision-making), subordinate province (deliberation), and Shangshu province (execution). The governors of the three provinces are prime ministers.

  In the Song Dynasty, the power of Zhongshu Province was expanded, and the civil and military power was shared with the Privy Council. Under the door, Shangshu Province was abolished.

  The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty is the highest government affairs agency. The minister of the cabinet is called the assistant minister, and the chief is called the minister (the prime minister).

  In the Qing Dynasty, there was a military aircraft department. Wang, Gong, and Shang Shu were ministers of military aircraft, and they had control of the government.

  The six departments refer to "the Ministry of Administration, which administers appointments, removals, assessments, and promotions; the Ministry of Administration, which manages land accounts, taxation and finance, etc .; the Ministry of Ceremony, which governs ceremonies, science, schools, and other matters; Prison; Ministry of Industry, Engineering Construction, Tuntian Water Conservancy, etc. " The ministers are Shang Shu and the deputy is the minister. Among the subordinates, there are deputies with foreign titles, and the subordinate officials include principals.

  In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, compiling history, and formulating calendars. Such as Sima Qian and Zhang Heng once served as Tai Shiling. Gao Qi edited the history of Hanlin.

  [Three provinces and six departments]

  The three provinces are Zhongshu, Menxia, and Shangshu. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government affairs organizations. Generally, the book was governed by the provincial government, the provincial government was responsible for deliberation, and the Shang city was governed by the province. The governor of Zhongshu called Zhongshuling, and there were officials such as Zhongshu Shilang and Zhongshusheren; the provincial governor said that he was the servant, and there were servants and middle officials; the governor of Shangshu was Shang Shuling, and he had left and right servants. Shoot and other official positions.

  There are six departments in Shangshu Province: Ministry of Civil Affairs (administration, assessment, assessment, etc., equivalent to the Ministry of Organizations), Ministry of Households (management of land accounts, taxation finance, etc.), Ministry of Rites (management of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.), Ministry of Military Affairs (management of military affairs) , Equivalent to the modern Ministry of National Defense), the Ministry of Penalty (administering judicial prisons, equivalent to the modern Ministry of Justice), and the Ministry of Industry (administering engineering construction, Tuntian Water Conservancy, etc.). The ministers said Shang Shu, the deputy was the assistant minister, and there were official positions such as Langzhong, Yuanwailang and principal. The six-part system began in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty.

  Magistrate

  The main administrative region of the Qin and Han Dynasties is the county. The chief of the county, Qin said the county guard, Han said the eunuch. The main administrative region of the Sui and Tang Dynasties is the prefecture. The Tang Dynasty was in some military towns. Set up Jiedushi, the officers are march Sima, staff, secretary and so on. In Song Dynasty, the state official called Zhizhou, and the county official called Zhixian. The state was changed to the government in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was called Zhifu.

  In addition, the Han Dynasty also had states, and the world was divided into more than a dozen states, which were basically monitoring areas. The central government sent officials to spy on the situation and called it assassination history. The Sui and Tang dynasties were divided into more than a dozen roads, also known as the supervision area, and officials from the central government sent inspections and called them instigators. There were about 20 roads throughout the Song Dynasty. There were several divisions in the road, which were in charge of all aspects of affairs. The local highest administrative body in the Yuan Dynasty was called Xingzhongshu Province, and the Ming Dynasty was renamed the Proclamation Division. It is still customarily called "Province".

  [Jazz] is the title and title, the ancient emperor's confession to your relatives and heroes. It was said that there were five titles in the Zhou Dynasty: male, Hou, uncle, son, and male . Later generations' title and title system often changed from time to time. For example, at the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang had both the emperor as the king, and seven heroes as the king, Peng Yue as the king of Liang, Yingbu as the king of Huainan, etc .; Wei Caozhi once became the king of Chen; Tang Guoziyi was named the king of Fenyang; Zurulhachi sealed his son Azig as Prince of England, Dudor as Prince Yu and Hauge as Prince Su. In the Song Dynasty, Kou Zhunfeng Lai Guogong, Wang Anshi Feng Jing Guogong, and Sima Guang were Wen Guogong; Li Shanchang, a Korean man in the Ming Dynasty, Li Wenzhong, Cao Guogong, Liu Jifeng, Cheng Yibo, and Wang Yangming, a newly established uncle. Zuo Zongtang sealed second class Jing Jinghou, Li Hongzhang sealed first class Su Yibo.

  [Prime Minister] is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and it is the person who follows the will of the monarch and manages the country's government affairs. It is sometimes called Xiangguo, and is often referred to as Prime Minister, referred to as "phase." Such as "The Family of Chen She": "The prince will have a variety of Canning," Lian Po, such as the Biography of Biography ":" And the mediocre people are still ashamed, as the situation will be relative! "" Shu Xiang ":" Where to find the Xiangxiang Temple, Jin Outside the official city. "<Guidebook> Postscript": "I am the Prime Minister and the Secret Envoy, all overseeing the army and horses. "

  [Tai Shi] refers to two kinds of official positions. One is that in ancient times, Tai Shi, Tai Fu and Tai Bao were called the "Three Gongs." Canadian Teacher. Secondly, in ancient times, they were also called Prince Edward, Prince Fu, Prince Taibao. They were all "Princes of the East Palace". They were all Prince's teachers. For example, "Mei Hua Ling Ji" "Yan Taishi uses soldiers to explain", Yan Zhenqing was once added the title of Prince Edward, so he said. Another example is that Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty had eight false titles, and finally added the title of Prince Edward; in the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also added to the title of Prince Prince, but he did not actually teach the Prince.

  [Tai Fu] See "Tai Shi". One of the "Three Gongs" in ancient times. It also refers to one of the "three divisions of the East Palace". For example, Jia Yi was once the teacher of the princes Changsha King and Liang Huaiwang, so he was named Taifu. Later, they gradually became vacant titles, such as Zeng Guofan, Zeng Guoquan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang were forced to give Taifu after their death.

  [Shaobao] Refers to two official positions. One is that in the ancient times, Master Shao, Shaofu and Shaobao were called "three solitary members", and gradually became vacant titles. "Cicadas came off," said Wen Tianxiang, who had previously served as Shaobao official. Another example is "Emperor Mingzheng Shangzheng's Shangqing Department of the Ministry of War Shangshu Huan Yuan Gongzheng and his wife Feng's Song burial epitaph": "Three halls of sacred power, Prince Gong Bao Shao, to the official." Second, in the ancient times, said Prince Prince Master, Prince Shaofu and Prince Shaobao became the "Three Young Men in the East Palace", and gradually became vacant titles.

  [Shang Shu] was originally the official in charge of the instrument and seal. There were no six books at the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, and the six books were determined by the Tang Dynasty as officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, prisoners, and workers. Such as "Zhang Heng Chuan": "Letters begging for bones, to worship Shangshu." Another example is the great calligrapher Yan Zhenqing once served as the official ministry, the poet Bai Juyi once served as the ministry official, and Shi Kefa was the ministry official.

  [Bachelor] Wei Jin was an official in charge of ceremonies and editing. After the Tang dynasty, he accused the Hanlin bachelor as the secretary and consultant of the emperor and participated in confidentiality. Cheng Mingzhi, servant reading, lecture, editing, and Ji Jishi were also Hanlin bachelors in the Ming and Qing dynasties, but their status and functions were different from those of the Hanlin bachelors in the Tang and Song dynasties. For example, "The Guide to the Postscript" "Exercise with the Bachelor of Zizheng Palace", this is an official position granted by Wen Tianxiang after he resigned from his prime minister; "Tan Kuntong" "Jun Gong and Xu Gong made a recommendation to Jing". Xu Zhijing was then a bachelor of Hanlin Academy. This is an official post dedicated to the emperor. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, Song Yan, etc. all had Hanlin bachelors.

  [Shang Qing] The Zhou Dynasty official system, the emperor and the princes all have Qing, divided into three levels, the most distinguished is "Shang Qing". For example, "Lian Po's Prime Minister, such as Biography": "Lian Po is a Zhao general ... worships as a senior."

  [General] The highest titles of generals in the pre-Qin and Western Han dynasties. For example, Han Gaozu took Han Xin as the general and Emperor Hanwu took Wei Qing as the general. Wei Jin gradually became a virtual title and no actual post. During the war, the Ming and Qing dynasties only established generals and were abolished after the war. "Zhang Heng Chuan" "General Deng Yue is a talented man", Deng Yue was a Han and Emperor general.

  [Participation in political affairs] Also referred to as "participation in politics". He was one of the highest political chiefs in the Tang and Song dynasties. Together with Tongping Zhangshi, the ambassador, and the deputy ambassador, he was collectively referred to as "siege." In the Song Dynasty, Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, and Wang Anshi all held this post. "Xunjian Xikang" "participating in politics as the eunuch", "Lugong" refers to Lu Zongdao during Song Zhenzong. "Tan Yitong" "participate in the New Deal, still in the Tang and Song dynasties know the affairs of politics, the role of prime minister."

  [Minister of Military Aircraft] The Military Aircraft Division was the administrative agency of the Qing Dynasty assisting the emperor. The incumbent has no permanent members, and is usually served concurrently by a prince, a bachelor, a Shang Shu, a servant, or a Jingtang. There are at least three or four ministers and six or seven ministers. They are called "junior ministers." In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong, and Yuan Shikai had served as military ministers for a short time. "Tan Yutong" "The Former Military Minister of Fortitude Supervision".

  [Military Aircraft Zhang Jing] See the "Minister of Military Aircraft" article. It is a member of the Military Aircraft Division and an official of the Military Aircraft Minister. It is called a "small military aircraft." "Tan Yitong": "The Emperor Chaoying Sijingqing ranks in the military plane Zhang Jing, and participates in the New Deal with Yang Rui, Lin Xu, and Liu Guangdi."

  [Historical History] This is an official of history, such as "Lian Po's Prime Minister Biography" "Qin Yu Prehistoric Book", "Xian Ru Gu Zhao Zhao Yushi Book". After Qin was appointed Doctor Shi, he was the second prime minister and was responsible for impeachment and picket officials for negligence. Han Yu was the supervisor of the Royal History, Hai Rui of the Ming Dynasty was the Royal History of the Righteous Capital of Nanjing, and Yuan Keli was the governor of the Royal History of the Righteous Capital. Another example is "Remembering the Public Affairs of Wang Zhongsu", "The public is the capital's imperial history, and some eunuchs guard Liaoning."

  [Private Envoy] Chief of the Privy Council. The eunuch served as the eunuch in the Tang dynasty and the minister in the Song dynasty. The Privy Council was one of the highest state organs in charge of the administration of the military and state. Song Ouyang Xiu was the deputy ambassador. "Guidebook" Postscript: "Besides the right minister and the ambassador, he will oversee the army and horses." Wen Tianxiang was in charge of military affairs at the time.

  [Zuotu] The official name of Chu during the Warring States Period was comparable to that of the later generations. The main responsibilities are to regulate the emperor and recommend talents. "Biography of Qu Yuan": "Qu Yuan, the name is Ping, also the same surname of Chu. For Chu Huai Wang Zuo."

  [Taiwei] Official name before the Yuan Dynasty. It was the supreme military attache who assisted the emperor. Song Dynasty was designated as the highest rank attache. "Lin Jiao Tou Feng Xue Snow Temple": "I suffered a lawsuit because I hated Gao Weiwei, and I got a lawsuit." Gao Weiwei refers to Gao Wei.

  [Doctor] Pre-Qin official name, inferior to Qing. "Lian Po's Biography of Xiangru Biography": "Bai Xiangru is a doctor." At that time, Xiang Xiangru was lower than Shang Qing Lianpo's official position.

  [Doctor] The contents referred to by different dynasties are different, and sometimes they can refer to the important positions of the central government, such as Doctor Yushi and Doctor Yiyi. "Biography of Qu Yuan": "Shangguan doctors are in the same ranks, competing for favor and hurting their ability." "Shangguan doctor" is generally considered to be Shangguan Jin Shang. "Zi Fei's three doctors?" Qu Yuan is the chief in charge of the affairs of the royal family Zhao, Qu and Jing. "Guidebook" Postscript: "The gentry, the doctor, and the scholars are in the left prince's office." This refers to the doctors of the Imperial Palace and the doctor of the Imperial Palace.

  [Doctor] In the old days, it meant officials or more prestigious and intellectuals. "Master said": "The clan of scholar-officials, the disciples of masters and teachers, gathered and laughed." "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "The scholar-doctor finally refused to use a boat to stay under the cliff at night, so no one knows." "Xian Shikang": "At that time, the scholar-official's family was the same." "Five Tombstones": "The magistrate of the county, please be in charge."

  [Taishi] During the Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period, he was a high-ranking court minister. He was in charge of drafting documents, commanding doctors and princes, recording historical events, and also managing books, calendars, sacrifices, and other matters. After the Qin and Han Dynasties set up Taishi Ling, his scope of authority gradually became smaller and his status gradually decreased. Sima Qian did Tai Shiling. "Zhang Heng Chuan": "At the beginning of Shun Emperor, turn again, and return to Tai Shiling." "Five Tombstones": "Mage doctor, ask Qing Qing Wu Gong, Tai Shi Wen Qi Wen Gong, Meng Chang Yao Gong. The text was edited by Hanlin Academy, a historian, so it was called Taishi.

  [Long history] Qin Shi is the official of the prime minister. For example, Li Si once served as the senior secretary, which is equivalent to the secretary-general of the prime minister. He became a general officer after the Han Dynasty and was the chief of staff. "List of Teachers": "Servants, Shang Shu, Chang Shi, join the army, this is the official of the death of Zhenliang." "Chang Shi" refers to Zhang Yi. "The Battle of the Red Cliff": "Ziyu, Liang Brother Jin also, avoiding chaos in Jiangdong, is the history of Sun Quan."

  [Servant] For the court attendant. Later the Eastern Han Dynasty became an official of Shang Shu. In the Tang Dynasty, Shi Lang was the deputy of the ministers (Shang Shu) of the three provinces (Chinese book, under the door, and Shang book) (see "Three Provinces and Six Departments" for details). Han Yu has served as the waiter of the Ministry of Sentences, the Ministry of Defense, and the Ministry of Officials. "List of Teachers" "Shi Zhong, Shi Lang Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc." Among them, Dong Yun is Shi Lang. "Tan Yutong": "Early August-1st, Shang Zhao met with Yuan Shikai and he was specially rewarded by the waiter." Yuan Shikai is the waiter of the Ministry of Defense.

  [Waiting] was originally one of the Canadian officials outside the official office. Due to the attendance of the emperor, his status gradually increased, and his rank surpassed the attendant. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, they often became the de facto prime minister. Guo Youzhi and Fei Ye mentioned in "Starting Table" are the assistants.

  [Langzhong] Court guard during the Warring States Period. From Tang to Qing, he became a senior official under Shangshu and Shi Lang, who was in charge of the affairs of each division. Such as "Jing Jing stabbed King Qin": "Zhu Lang is in charge, His Royal Highness Chen." This refers to the court guards. "Zhang Heng Chuan" "Characteristics of Langzhong", "Langzhong" is the official name of the management portal.

  [Participation in the Army] The abbreviation for "Military Staff" was originally the military staff of the Prime Minister, such as Jiang Jun, a soldier participating in the Military Training Plan. After Jin, his status gradually decreased, and he became the staff of the kings and generals. For example, Tao Yuanming served as the town army to join the army, and the author of the "Han Han Book" Fan Ye was the fourth son of Liu Yu Liu Yikang. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, he gradually became a local official. For example, Du Fu once served as Cao Senjun in the Weiwei prefecture, Cao Senjun in Huazhou, and Bai Juyi served as Cao Senjun in Jingzhao government.

  [Ling Yin] During the Warring States period, the chief of the Chu State in charge of military and political power was equivalent to the prime minister, such as "Biography of Qu Yuan": "makes Yin Zilan smell the anger." In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the county chief, such as "promote weaving": The elders then made Fu Chen, Ling Yin and promoted to build grace. "

  [Yin] See "Ling Yin". During the Warring States Period, the assistants of Chu Guoling Yin were Zuo Yin and You Yin. For example, "Hongmen Ban" "Zhu Zuo Yin Xiangbo", Zuo Yin was slightly higher than You Yin. It is also the general name of ancient officials, such as Jing Zhaoyin, Henan Yin, Zhou Yin, and County Yin.

  [Captain] An attache post second to the general. "Chen She Family": "Chen She is a general and Wu Guang is the captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has already come out, and Xiang Wang made the captain Chen Ping to call Pei Gong."

  [Qi Qing] Another name of Tai Fu Si Qing, who is in charge of the emperor's carriage and livestock. "Five Tombstones" "Mage Doctor, Wu Qing because of Wu Gong" "" Because of it "is Wu Mo's word.

  [Sima] The official positions referred to by different dynasties are different. During the Warring States Period, he was an aide in charge of military affairs and military endorsements, such as "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong Zuo Sima Cao said nothing hurtful." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was the prefect of the county.

  Officials of (Stab History), such as "Pipa Line": "Yuanhe ten years, left to move to Sima, Jiujiang County." Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, under the prefecture and county history.

  [Jie Jiushi] The chief of the military and political affairs of several states in the Tang Dynasty was originally only located in the border states; later the mainland was also established, resulting in secession, so it is called "fan town" in the world. The fourth time in "A Dream of Red Mansions": "Yu Cun rushed to repair the second book and Jia Zheng merged with the Beijing camp to make the Prince Teng."

  [Business Strategy] Also referred to as "Business Strategy". During the Tang and Song dynasties, he was a frontier military officer, juxtaposed with the governor. For example, Fan Zhongyan was the Deputy Envoy of Shaanxi Economic Management. The Ming and Qing dynasties had special military missions when they had important military tasks, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor. For example, "Mei Hua Ling Ji" "has a history of Hong Chengchou," Hong Chengchou once served as the governor of seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.

  [Stab History] Formerly the name of the inspector, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became the highest military and political officer in the county, sometimes called the eunuch. Tang Bai Juyi was once the history of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan was the history of Liuzhou.

  [Prince guard] See "Stab History". Also known as "county guard", the chief executive of a county. Fan Ye was once the eunuch of Xuancheng. "Peach Blossom Sources": "And under the county, the eunuch, said so." "Peacock flying to the southeast": "Speaking of the eunuch's house, this makes Lang Jun." "The Battle of the Chibi": "With Wu Chou Wu Chouwu Old, want to invest in it. "

  [Dudu] See the "Business Strategy" article. The name of the military chief or the commander-in-chief, and some local chiefs of the dynasty are also called "dudu", which is equivalent to the Jiedushi or the prefectural stabbing history. Such as "Mei Hua Ling Ji": "Ren Taishou people's education and the general Liu Dudu Zhao Ji died." Liu Zhaoji is the military chief of the local health station.

  [Protector] At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Beijing officials inspected the place. In the Qing Dynasty, it officially became a provincial-level local governor, with a status slightly inferior to that of the governor, nicknamed "Fuyuan", "Futai", and "Fujun". Such as "Five Tombstones": "It was Wei who personally touched Wu Dazhong." Fu Wu, who served as Wu Di's governor.

  [Fu Jun] See the "inspector" article. "Promoting weaving": "It is rewarded, and dedicated to the army." Fu army joy, entered with a golden cage. "Also known as" Fu Chen ", such as" Yun Fu Fu Chen famous horse clothes satin. "

  [Lieutenant] The official position inferior to the general in the Han Dynasty. Such as "Battle of the Red Cliffs": "Take Lu Su as the captain of the praise army." After the Tang Dynasty, its status gradually declined.

  [Teacher] Lin Song, an instructor in the Song Dynasty army who coached Wu Yi, is the gun instructor of the 800,000 embargoes in Beijing.

  [Executive Jurisdiction] The official name of a military attache in the prefecture of Song Dynasty, responsible for training the army and supervising the arrest of thieves. For example, Lu Tishen is under the jurisdiction of Lu Ti in The Water Margin.

  [Employees] Staff members appointed by the central or local governors themselves are also called "employees". "The Battle of the Red Cliff": "Jing Jing's reputation still leads Cao to engage."

  [Prefect House] It is "Prince Guard", also known as "Zhizhou". "Tang Tai Shan Ji": "It is Yue Dingwei, and the prefecture Zhu Xiaochun Zizi descended from Nanlu."

  [County Decree] The chief executive of a county is also known as "known county". "Peacock Flies to the Southeast": "For more than ten days, the county ordered the media to come."

  [Li Zheng] Ancient township officials, that is, one mile long. Such as "promoting weaving": "Let's take responsibility."

  [Li ] Tolerance for managing rural affairs. "Promoting Weaving": "Li Li is cunning, if this subject converges.