What is a cascade failure?
cascading failure is a condition of interconnected systems when one part or component failure can lead to failure in related areas of the system that spreads to the point of total system failure. There are many types of cascading failures of events that may occur in natural and artificial systems, from electrical and computer systems to political, economic and environmental systems. The field of research known as the complexity of Science is trying to define the root causes of such failures to build into guarantees that can prevent them in the future.
A common but hardly predictive type of cascading failure is the only point of failure where one component fails and the released domino effect is for the domino effect, which is for the domino effect, which is for the domino effect. An example of this took place in 1996 in the United States, when the electric lines failed in the Oregon state and caused a massive failure of the electric grid in the whole -west states of the US and Canada,that affect 4,000,000 to 10,000,000 customers. When the transfer line failed, the regional electric network caused separate transmission islands that were unable to handle increased loads, and then also failed, leading to the collapse of the whole system. A similar cascade failure occurred in the Midwest US state of Ohio in 2003, leading to the largest electric outage in American history.
cascade failure often involves multiple systems that fail as a result of a butterfly, where a seemingly very small event waved to produce much larger. An example of this is the accident of the DC-10 aircraft above Paris in France in 1974, which killed everyone on board. A later investigation into the cause of the accident revealed that the cargo bay door was not properly fastened. The man most responsible for this reputally could not read English and therefore was unable to read instructions on how to fix the door properly.
Technical design for cargo doors allowed to be closed without the latches to be fully involved. When the aircraft climbed to 13,000 feet (3,962 meters), the internal pressure caused the door to retreat and explosive decompression around the door when it discarded damaged hydraulic control in the area, causing pilots to eventually lose complete control of the aircraft. It is difficult to determine the root cause of such a cascading failure. It includes regions of education, government policy for hiring immigrants, utilities for hydraulics and avionics, and informal social support systems in the working environment.
High -voltage system power grilles are the most important example of large cascade failures of events, but failures in large systems are not rare. From traffic jams to accidents on the market or forest fires Thna At the beginning of a single spark are large systemic accidents often a direct consequence of what is known as an event of a Byzantine failure where the system fails unusualIn a way, it often continues to function and damages its environment before it turns off completely. Such events reveal the basic state of all complex systems described by chaos theories, which is a condition of sensitive dependence. It is expected that each part of the system will behave to a certain extent of parameters, and when it wanders outside this range, it can initiate a chain reaction that changes the behavior of the whole system.
Kessler's syndrome is one of the examples where science tries to get in front of the curve and predict cascade failure before it happens. Based on the theories of Donald Kessler in 1978, an American scientist working for the National Aviation and Space Administration (NASA), maps the effects of collision of objects in the low orbit of the Earth (Leo). Such precipitation during time -fuel exponential increase in the number of small particles in Leo, known as a belt of fragments, so space trips are much more risky than before. More than 500,000 pieces of debris in orbit passengers up to 17,500 miles per hour (28,64 kilometers per hour) withIt has been ice since 2011 to prevent future catastrophic collisions. The particles as small as marble could cause irreparable damage to a military or scientific spacecraft after the impact, resulting in possible death or political and ecological impacts of unforeseen dimensions.