What is Photovoltaic Power?

Photovoltaic power generation is a technology that uses the photovoltaic effect of a semiconductor interface to directly convert light energy into electrical energy. It is mainly composed of solar panel (component), controller and inverter. The main components are composed of electronic components. The solar cells can be packaged and protected after being connected in series to form a large-area solar cell module. A photovoltaic power generation device can be formed by adding a power controller and other components.

PV

The main principle of photovoltaic power generation is the photoelectric effect of semiconductors. When a photon is irradiated onto a metal, its energy can be completely absorbed by an electron in the metal. The energy absorbed by the electron is large enough to overcome the internal gravitational force of the metal and escape from the metal surface to become a photoelectronic. A silicon atom has 4 outer electrons. If an atom with 5 outer electrons, such as a phosphorus atom, is doped into pure silicon, it will become an N-type semiconductor. If an atom with 3 outer electrons is doped into pure silicon, such as A boron atom forms a P-type semiconductor. When the P-type and N-type are combined together, a potential difference is formed at the contact surface, which becomes a solar cell. When sunlight hits the P-N junction, holes move from the N-pole region to the P-pole region, and electrons move from the P-pole region to the N-pole region, forming a current.

The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which a potential difference occurs between different parts of an uneven semiconductor or a combination of semiconductor and metal. It is firstly a process of converting photons (light waves) into electrons and light energy into electric energy; secondly, it is a process of forming voltage.

After the polysilicon undergoes procedures such as ingot casting, ingot breaking, and slicing, it is made into a silicon wafer to be processed. Doping and diffusing a small amount of boron, phosphorus, etc. on the silicon wafer

Photovoltaic power generation system consists of a square array of solar cells,

In the past 5 years, the cost of photovoltaic power generation has dropped by one-third. In South America and other countries, photovoltaic power generation has reached the retail electricity price, or even lower than the retail electricity price, and the cost of photovoltaic power generation will continue to stand out. Secondly, thermal power generation will bring extremely high environmental governance costs. The twenty Paris climate summits are to guide countries to actively start the carbon trading market pricing mechanism. The cost increase for high energy-consuming companies is therefore obvious. From this perspective, coal power generation costs will be higher than photovoltaic power generation. ^[6]

I. Solar power for users: (1) Small power supply ranging from 10-100W, used for military and civilian life power in remote areas without electricity, such as plateaus, islands, pastoral areas, border posts, etc., such as lighting, television, radio, etc .; (2) 3 -5KW family roof grid-connected power generation system; (3) Photovoltaic water pumps: solve drinking and irrigation of deep water wells in areas without electricity.

2. Transportation areas such as beacon lights, traffic / railway signal lights, traffic warning / signage lights, Yuxiang street lights, high-altitude obstacle lights, highway / railway wireless telephone booths, unattended road shift power supply, etc.

3. Communication / communication field: solar unattended microwave relay station, fiber optic cable maintenance station, broadcasting / communication / paging power system; rural carrier telephone photovoltaic system, small communication machine, soldier GPS power supply, etc.

4. Petroleum, marine, and meteorological fields: cathodic protection solar power systems for petroleum pipelines and reservoir gates, domestic and emergency power sources for oil rigs, marine detection equipment, and meteorological / hydrological observation equipment.

Fifth, the power of household lamps: such as garden lights, street lights, portable lights, camping lights, climbing lights, fishing lights, black lights, tap lights, energy-saving lights, etc.

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National Energy Administration issued "Interim Measures for the Management of Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation Projects" on November 18, 2013

Chapter I General Provisions

The first is to regulate the construction and management of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects and to promote the application of distributed photovoltaic power generation. The State Council's Several Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Photovoltaic Industry "formulated these Measures.

Article 2: Distributed photovoltaic power generation refers to photovoltaic power generation facilities that are constructed and operated at or near the site where users are located, and are characterized by user-side spontaneous self-use, excess electricity connected to the Internet, and balanced adjustment in the distribution network system.

Article 3: Various electric power users, investment enterprises, specialized contract energy service companies, and individuals are encouraged to invest in the construction and operation of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects as project units.

Article 4 The State Council s energy authority is responsible for the guidance and supervision of national distributed photovoltaic power generation planning; the local energy authority is responsible for the supervision and management of distributed photovoltaic power generation planning and construction in the region under the guidance of the State Council s energy authority; Responsible for the supervision of distributed photovoltaic power generation planning and policy implementation, grid-connected operation, market fairness, and operational safety in the region.

Article 5 Distributed photovoltaic power generation implements the "spontaneous self-use, surplus electricity access to the grid, nearby consumption, grid adjustment" business model. Grid companies use advanced technologies to optimize grid operation management, provide system support for distributed photovoltaic power generation operations, and ensure the safe use of electricity by power users. Encourage project investment and operation entities and power users in the same power supply area to cooperate with power grid enterprises to realize the nearby consumption of distributed photovoltaic power generation in a variety of ways.

Chapter II Scale Management

Article 6 The competent energy department of the State Council shall, in accordance with the national plan for solar power generation, the development needs and construction conditions of distributed photovoltaic power generation in various regions, implement total amount balance and annual guidance scale management for projects that require state funding subsidies. Projects that do not require state funding subsidies are not included in the scope of annual guidance scale management.

Article 7: Provincial energy authorities shall, based on the development of distributed photovoltaic power generation in their region, submit an application for a project scale that requires state funding subsidies in the next year. The energy department of the State Council, based on local project resources, practical applications, and the additional collection of renewable energy prices, coordinated and balanced, and issued an annual guidance scale for each region, which can be fine-tuned in the middle of the year depending on the implementation of each region.

Article 8 The annual guidance scale of distributed photovoltaic power generation issued by the energy department of the State Council will automatically invalidate the unused scale indicators during the year. If there is a large gap between the scale index and the actual demand in that year, the local energy authority can apply for adjustment at an appropriate time.

Article 9 Local governments at all levels are encouraged to reduce subsidy standards for distributed photovoltaic power generation through market competition. Priority is given to supporting the construction of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects that apply below the national subsidy standard.

Chapter III Project Recording

Article 10 Provincial and below-level energy authorities implement record management of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects in accordance with the State Council s investment project management regulations and the annual guidance scale indicators for distributed photovoltaic power generation in their regions issued by the State Council s energy authority. The specific filing methods shall be formulated by the provincial people's government.

Article 11 The project filing process shall be as simple as possible according to the characteristics of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects, and support documents such as power generation business permits, planning and site selection, land pre-examination, soil and water conservation, environmental impact assessment, energy conservation assessment, and social risk assessment shall be exempted.

Article 12 For individual use of their own houses and distributed photovoltaic power generation projects built in residential areas, the local power grid enterprises shall directly register and centrally file with the local energy authority for the record. Projects that do not require state funding subsidies are managed by provincial energy authorities.

Article 13 The management departments and project units at all levels shall not change the main matters of the project filing documents by themselves, including the investment subject, the construction site, the project scale, and the operation mode. When it is really necessary to change, the filing department will handle it in accordance with the procedures.

Article 14 If a distributed photovoltaic power generation project within the scope of the annual guidance scale is not completed and put into operation within two years from the date of filing, it shall be cancelled in the annual guidance scale, and at the same time, the qualification for enjoying state fund subsidies shall be cancelled.

Article 15 Governments at the prefectural, city or county level are encouraged to set up a station for filing, completion and acceptance of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects combined with grid application, grid connection commissioning and acceptance, electricity bill settlement and subsidy issuance in combination with local conditions. Service system to simplify the management process and improve management efficiency.

Chapter IV Construction Conditions

Article 16 The buildings and facilities that the distributed photovoltaic power generation project relies on shall have legality. When the project unit and the owner of the building, site, and facilities that the project relies on are not the same entity, the project unit shall sign the building with the owner 2. The use or lease agreement of the site and facilities, depending on the operation mode, sign a contract energy service agreement with the power user.

Article 17 The design and installation of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects shall comply with relevant management regulations, equipment standards, construction engineering specifications, and safety requirements. The unit responsible for project design, consulting, installation and supervision shall have the corresponding qualifications prescribed by the state.

Article 18 Photovoltaic cell modules, inverters and other equipment used in distributed photovoltaic power generation projects shall pass the testing and certification of certification and accreditation institutions in accordance with national regulations and comply with relevant technical requirements for access to the power grid.

Chapter V Grid Access and Operation

Article 19 After receiving the application for grid connection from the project unit, the grid company shall issue a grid connection opinion within 20 working days. For distributed photovoltaic power generation projects with centralized multi-point access, it can be extended to 30 working days. .

Article 20. Distributed photovoltaic power generation projects that are connected to the power grid at a voltage level of 35 kV and below shall be connected to the grid by the prefecture-level or county-level power grid enterprises in accordance with simplified procedures, and provide grid connection consulting, energy meter installation, Grid commissioning and acceptance services.

Article 21 A distributed photovoltaic power generation project that is connected to the power grid at a voltage level of 35 kV or higher and the generated power is used within the scope of the grid connection point. The grid company shall, in accordance with its access method and power usage scope, be simple and timely Efficient principles do a good job of grid management and provide related services.

Article 22 The distributed photovoltaic power generation projects connected to the public power grid, the access system engineering, and the public power grid transformation caused by the access shall be invested and constructed by the power grid enterprises. Access to the distributed photovoltaic power generation project on the user side. The supporting project on the user side is invested and constructed by the project unit. Part of the public grid transformation caused by the project's access to the grid is invested and constructed by the grid companies.

Article 23 Power grid enterprises shall adopt advanced operation control technology to improve the intelligence level of the distribution network and create conditions for the acceptance of distributed photovoltaic power generation. In power supply areas where distributed photovoltaic power generation installations are large and account for a large proportion of grid load, grid companies should build a comprehensive technical system that combines distributed photovoltaic power generation grid-connected operation monitoring, power prediction, and optimized operation according to development needs to achieve distribution. High-efficiency utilization of photovoltaic power generation and safe system operation.

Chapter VI Measurement and Settlement

Article 24 After the main body of the distributed photovoltaic power generation project is completed, an application for grid debugging and acceptance is submitted to the grid company. Grid companies guide and cooperate with project units in grid-connected operation debugging and acceptance. Grid companies should formulate distributed photovoltaic power grid access and grid-connected operation acceptance methods in accordance with relevant national standards.

Article 25 Grid enterprises are responsible for measuring the total power generation and grid-connected power of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects separately, providing and installing electrical energy meter free of charge, and do not charge the system reserve capacity fee to the project unit. Grid companies do not charge project units for services provided in all aspects of grid connection and operation.

Article 26 For distributed photovoltaic power generation projects that enjoy the power subsidy policy, the grid company is responsible for transferring the state subsidy funds to the project unit on a monthly basis, and the remaining electricity on-grid electricity bills are settled monthly.

Article 27 In a distributed photovoltaic power generation project that is organized and constructed in a relatively independent power supply zone such as an economic development zone, the remaining electricity on-grid portion can directly sell electricity to other power users in the power supply zone.

Chapter VII Industrial Information Monitoring

Article 28 Organize the municipal, or county-level energy authorities to collect project filing information on a monthly basis. Provincial energy authorities shall collect quarterly classification and filing information and submit them to the energy authority of the State Council.

Article 29 Each provincial energy authority is responsible for statistics on the construction and operation of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects in the region, and submits the first half of the year and the previous year to the energy authority of the State Council in July and January of the following year, respectively. Statistical information is also copied to the National Energy Administration and its dispatched regulatory agencies, and the National Renewable Energy Information Center.

Article 30 Grid enterprises are responsible for the construction of a distributed photovoltaic power generation operation monitoring system within the coverage of the grid at the same level, and cooperate with the energy department at the same level to report the project construction and operation information to the local energy management department on a quarterly basis, including project construction, power generation, Information such as on-grid electricity, electricity fees, and subsidy issuance and settlement.

Article 31 The energy authority of the State Council entrusts the National Renewable Energy Information Center to carry out information management in the distributed photovoltaic power generation industry, organizes research and formulation of standards and specifications for engineering design, installation, acceptance, and other statistics, and counts the nationwide distributed photovoltaic power generation project construction and operation information , Analyze and evaluate the development status and trends of the industry, and timely propose relevant policy recommendations. Approved by the State Council s energy authority to release relevant industry information in a timely manner.

Chapter VIII Liability for Violations

Article 32 If a power grid company fails to purchase the surplus power of the distributed photovoltaic power generation project in accordance with regulations, causing losses to the project unit, it shall bear economic compensation liabilities in accordance with the provisions of the "Renewable Energy Law of the People's Republic of China".

Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Article 33 The interpretation of these measures is the responsibility of the National Energy Administration, and shall be implemented as of the date of promulgation. ^[8]

On January 2, 2018, it was learned from the National Energy Administration that from January to November 2017, China's photovoltaic power generation reached 106.9 billion kWh, an increase of 72% year-on-year, and the annual photovoltaic power generation exceeded 100 billion kWh for the first time. ^[11]

On June 3, 2019, at the "SNEC2019 International Solar Photovoltaic and Smart Energy (Shanghai) Exhibition and Forum", Cao Renxian, deputy director of the China Power Society, said, "From 2025, China's photovoltaic power generation will gradually become the main energy source. . " ^[12]