What Is Glutethimide?

Glutamine, scientific name 2-amino-4-carbamoyl butyric acid, English Glutamine (Gln). Is glutamic acid. L-glutamine is a coded amino acid in protein synthesis, a mammalian non-essential amino acid, which can be converted from glucose in the body. Symbol: Q. Glutamine can be used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis and hyperacidity, as well as improve brain function. Store in a tightly ventilated place.

White crystal or crystalline powder, soluble in water, insoluble in methanol, ethanol, ether, benzene, acetone, chloroform and ethyl acetate, odorless and slightly sweet. It is unstable in neutral solution, easily decomposed into glutamine or propyl esterified into pyrrolidol in alcohol, alkali or hot water, odorless and slightly sweet.

Chinese name: Glutamine
Foreign name: Glutamine (Gln)
Alias: L-glutamine, L-glutamine
Scientific name: 2-amino-4-carboxamidobutanoic acid
Molecular weight: 146.15

Decomposition temperature: 185
Isoelectric point: 5.65
Drug Specifications: Tablets or powder
General category: Synthetic recovery
Molecular formula: C5H10N2O3

Glutamine dosage usage

Oral: 1.5 2g per day, combined with neutralizing gastric acid medicine can improve the efficacy. It is used to improve the brain function of children with mental retardation and mental disorders, alcoholism, and epilepsy. It ranges from 0.1 to 0.72 g per day.

Glutamine function

This standard applies to food additive L-glutamine, which is used as a nutritional supplement and flavoring supplement in food processing. And L glutamine is an important nutritional supplement for bodybuilding and bodybuilding enthusiasts. It (hereinafter referred to as glutamine) is the most abundant free amino acid in muscle, accounting for about 60% of the total free amino acid in the body. The fasting plasma glutamine concentration is 500-750umol / L. Glutamine is not an essential amino acid. It can be synthesized from glutamic acid, valine and isoleucine in the human body. Under stress such as diseases, poor nutritional status, or high-intensity exercise, the body's demand for glutamine increases, so that its own synthesis cannot meet the needs. Glutamine has many effects on the body:

1. Muscle growth is mainly achieved through the following aspects:

Provide the body with the necessary nitrogen source to promote protein synthesis in muscle cells; promote cell growth and differentiation through cell compatibilization; stimulate the secretion of growth hormone, insulin and testosterone to keep the body in a synthetic state.

2.. Glutamine has a powerful effect.

Increase strength and endurance. During exercise, an increase in the body's acidic metabolites acidifies the body fluids. Glutamine has the potential to produce bases, so it can reduce the decline in exercise capacity or fatigue caused by acidic substances to a certain extent.

3 An important fuel for the immune system to enhance its function.

Glutamine has an important immunoregulatory role, which is necessary for lymphocyte secretion, proliferation, and maintenance of its function. As a precursor and main energy source of nucleic acid biosynthesis, glutamine can promote mitosis, differentiation and proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophages, increase the production of cytokines TNF, IL-1 and the like and mRNA synthesis of phospholipids. Providing exogenous glutamine can significantly increase the total number of lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and the CD4 / CD8 ratio in the critically ill patients, and enhance the immune function of the body.

4 Involved in the synthesis of glutathione, an important antioxidant.

5. The basic source of energy for gastrointestinal luminal cells.

Maintain the structure and function of the intestinal barrier: Glutamine is a nutrient essential for intestinal mucosal cell metabolism and plays a very important role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal epithelial structure. Especially under severe stress such as trauma, infection, fatigue, etc., glutamine in the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells is quickly depleted. When the intestinal tract is stimulated by lack of food, digestive juice, or glutamine, the intestinal mucosa shrinks, the villi become thinner, shorter or even fall off, the crypts become shallower, the intestinal mucosa permeability increases, and the intestinal immune function is impaired. Clinical practice has proven that providing glutamine in the parenteral route can effectively prevent intestinal mucosal atrophy, maintain normal intestinal mucosal weight, structure and protein content, enhance intestinal cell activity, improve intestinal immune function, reduce intestinal bacteria and Endotoxin translocation.

6. Improve brain function.

7. Improve the body's antioxidant capacity. Supplementing glutamine can improve the body's antioxidant capacity by maintaining and increasing the GSH reserves in tissues and cells, stabilizing the cell membrane and protein structure, protecting the functions of important organs such as the liver, lungs, intestines and immune cells, and maintaining the kidneys, Normal function of the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver.

8. Glutamine-enhanced nutritional support has the functions of improving body metabolism, nitrogen balance, promoting protein synthesis, and increasing the total number of lymphocytes.

Improve body metabolism: Glutamine has a positive role in promoting protein metabolism.

9. Glutamine can maintain the intestinal permeability of patients with severe pancreatitis, reduce the occurrence of intestinal bacterial translocation, inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators, reduce the degree of stress response in the body, and shorten the length of hospitalization.

10 Supplementing glutamine in a timely and appropriate manner can effectively prevent the decomposition of muscle proteins, and can increase the volume of cells and promote muscle growth through the hydration of cells. Glutamine is also one of the few amino acids that can promote the release of growth hormone. Studies have shown that oral administration of 2 grams of glutamine can increase growth hormone levels by a factor of 4 and increase insulin and testosterone secretion, thereby enhancing muscle synthesis.

Studies have shown that timely and appropriate supplementation of glutamine can effectively prevent the breakdown of muscle proteins.

Other studies have suggested that glutamine has the effect of accumulating muscle glycogen.

11. Biochemical research, bacterial culture.

12. Control appetite, reduce fat, improve body proportion

Use whey protein and glutamine to reduce fat and improve body proportions. Studies have shown that eating whey protein or glutamine can reduce food cravings and energy intake.
For example, researchers in Canada tested normal-weight college students on four different doses of whey protein (10 g, 20 g, 30 g, or 40 g) and the difference in energy intake after a meal of savory pancakes. reaction. There is also a control group. The results indicate that whey significantly reduced the tester's caloric consumption, and the dose and response were as follows:
The control group ate 1,142 calories and 10 grams. The group ate 1,064 calories of pie over 1,115 calories. The 20 gram group ate 989 calories and 1,091 calories. The 40-gram group ate 837-calorie pancakes out of 1,042 calories. Some things are obvious: to lose fat, you can simply avoid eating crepes, as it is one of the highest calorie foods, but people tend to Eat plenty of pizza. In order to control appetite, the maximum dose of 40 grams of whey protein can minimize the energy intake through eating pancakes and bring the minimum total calories to eat.
The true benefits of whey supplementation will really be seen in diets that consume animal protein and low carbohydrates. Start eating meat and nut meat for breakfast as a practice that activates the energy and fat burning pathways in the body, while nuts provide "good" fats that can set the stage for appetite control.
Furthermore, eat protein and green vegetables every few hours, and drink 40 grams of whey protein shake every day, no matter after exercise or when you are most likely to have food cravings. Whey combined with a regular meat protein diet can improve protein synthesis and maintain muscle mass when fat is eliminated.
Glutamine is another super tool that can reduce fat. The most exciting thing is that your body can use glutamine as an energy source in the brain, effectively suppressing the desire for powdered sugar. It also regulates blood sugar and nutrient metabolism, and has been shown to effectively control forced cravings for sugar and carbohydrates.
Because glutamine can regulate distress, it can also be used to treat alcohol cravings during detoxification. If you feel that your willpower is weak, you can take 1 to 2 grams of glutamine with water.

The main uses of glutamine

Used to improve brain function in children with mental retardation and mental disorders, alcoholism, and epilepsy. Nutrition supplements. In medicine, it is used to treat peptic ulcer (gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer), acute and chronic gastritis. It is also used as a brain function improver and to treat alcoholism. ^[1]

Glutamine

Basically, glutamine is one of twenty non-essential amino acids. To say that it is not basic does not mean that glutamine is not important, but that the body can produce this substance on its own. Sixty percent of our glutamine can be found in the muscles attached to the bones, and the rest is found in the lungs, liver, brain, and stomach tissues.

Over 60% of the free amino acids in the human body appear in the form of glutamine. Under normal conditions, the human body can produce glutamine in excess to meet needs. However, when the pressure is high, the glutamine reserve will be exhausted, and you need to supplement it with supplements.

Glutamine is suitable for:

1. Children and young children-promote brain development and enhance memory.

2. Seniors-Keep your brain active and prevent Alzheimer's. 3 Busy white-collar workers-recharge the brain and prevent brain fatigue.

3 People who need recovery after illness or surgery.

How to eat glutamine

Mix 1 scoop with warm water into 1 cup, or add to whey protein powder or super heavy muscle powder. About 5 grams per spoon.

Drink better before and after exercise or between meals.

Glutamine Loss Study

Studies have shown that the loss of glutamine caused by stress can be caused by small things like the common cold and cold, and the degree of loss will increase with the severity of the disease. Surgical patients, burners, patients with severe trauma, and AIDS and cancer patients will find that their glutamine levels are severely depleted due to their physical conditions.

As a fitness enthusiast, it is important to remember that glutamine loss caused by stress is not only caused by the disease, but also by the stress caused by training.

Glutamine exercise

High-intensity training can interfere with the immune system and increase lactate and ammonium levels in the body. High levels of ammonium can affect (misinterpreted as the effect, it seems more logical) muscle function. In the first five minutes of training, glutamine levels will rise and the breakdown hormones will be released. But the bad news for the trainer doesn't stop here, because even after training for a while, muscles will continue to release glutamine, resulting in serious loss. The higher the training intensity, the faster the churn. As sports and fitness enthusiasts, it is important to remember that glutamine loss is not only caused by disease, but also by stress caused by exercise.

For athletes, plasma glutamine levels are an important indicator of whether to overtrain. When bodybuilders and other athletes perform high-intensity strength training, the glutamine level in the body can drop by 50% (the original level can be restored after several hours of exercise). At this time, if sufficient glutamine cannot be obtained through diet or self-synthesis , Muscle protein will break down to meet the body's needs for glutamine. This not only affects the volume of the muscles, but also reduces the body's immune system, because the glutamine of the immune system mainly comes from the release of skeletal muscle. Plasma glutamine levels are lower after prolonged, exhaustive exercise, and some people may maintain low levels for weeks, months, or even years.

Glutamine factor

Because glutamine can improve the hydration status of muscle cells. The hydration status of muscle cells can change very quickly. Once the cells are dehydrated, they will enter a catabolic state. Studies have shown that glutamine levels can drop by 50% in this unfavorable state of catabolism.

Excessive training has a huge demand for energy reserves in the body. As a result, not only does it cause less muscle growth, it also increases the chance of illness, infection rates, and poor immune system capabilities. The higher the training intensity, the greater the pressure on the body's energy requirements, which leads to a reduction in the concentration of glutamine in the plasma.

Glutamine loss can be caused by trivial things like the usual cold and cold, and other critically ill patients will find that their glutamine levels are severely depleted due to their physical conditions.

Glutamine Additional Information

Even the most experienced weightlifter or bodybuilder hears the terms catabolic state, muscle contraction, muscle loss, cell dehydration, and muscle wasting. Why can such small supplements that can be produced in large quantities in the body play a key role in so many problems?

Ronald Kratz, president of Chicago's Anti-Aging Medicine Association, believes that glutamine can promote assimilation of nutrients, regulate protein synthesis, stimulate growth hormone production, and strengthen the immune system.

Weightlifters and bodybuilders need to understand that glutamine plays a key role in muscle growth. Because it is a raw material that provides nitrogen, that is, it can transport nitrogen to various parts of the body where it is needed. Every bodybuilder knows that maintaining a positive nitrogen balance is a necessary condition for gaining muscle volume.

Glutamine is a non-carbohydrate energy source in the Krebs cycle, which is converted to glutamic acid and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine triphosphate is an energy molecule. When a sufficient amount of glutamine is maintained in the body through diet and / or supplements, muscles are rarely or not broken down to provide glucose. And remember, too little glutamine can cause muscle atrophy.

Glutamine requirement

A typical American diet provides 3.5 to 7 grams of glutamine contained in animal and plant proteins daily. Because of its many benefits, many people choose to take supplements daily to supplement them.

Studies have shown that daily glutamine supplements range from 2 to 40 grams. It has been found that two to three grams of glutamine can help relieve dizziness. After the training, the two to three grams can build protein, repair and generate muscle, and can trigger the secretion of various growth hormones in the body.

Hospitals use high-dose glutamine supplements to treat the disease. A dose of 20 grams per day is used to treat colitis, segmental ileitis and diarrhea. A daily dose of 40 grams is used for AIDS patients, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and burn patients.

Today, many hospitals have begun to study the effects of using glutamine to reduce length of stay in hospitals, and believe that it is safe to use it as a nutritional supplement for lighter birth babies.

Glutamine question

Studies have shown that people with diabetes should use glutamine as a supplement with caution, because their metabolism of glutamine is different from that of ordinary people. The use of glutamine as a supplement for cancer patients is also controversial. The reason is that glutamine can promote the rapid division of cells, which is the characteristic of tumors.

Recent research has shown that glutamine can prolong the life of cancer patients by slowing the body's metabolic consumption and strengthening the weakened immune system. As with other supplements, you should consult a physician before taking glutamine.

Other benefits of glutamine

As the main source of intestinal motility, glutamine has an adjuvant effect on diseases affecting the intestinal lining. In addition, it can reverse the damage to the intestine caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen. Glutamine has the function of protecting the brain from ammonia poisoning, so people are studying its effect on neurodegenerative diseases.

Ongoing research on glutamine is increasing the benefits of this supplement every day. Because it obviously has no side effects, all people in the fitness industry should pay enough attention to it.

Glutamine has the function of protecting the brain. As a source of energy for the brain, glutamine can improve mood, strengthen intelligence, and benefit long-term and short-term memory.

Is glutamine safe for pregnant women

It is known that glutamine levels in amniotic fluid are high, but it is not known whether glutamine levels in breast milk are also so high. Glutamine has been administered intravenously to preterm infants with no adverse effects. Feeding glutamine to animals doubles cow milk production. If a pregnant woman requests treatment with glutamine, the health care provider should evaluate the patient and assess the appropriate dose.

Are people allergic to glutamine

Glutamine is an important amino acid in the body. However, taking excessive amino acids (of any kind) can cause possible side effects, and glutamine is no exception. It should be taken under the guidance of a health care professional. Under the supervision of a health worker, people taking 40-50g daily have not had any adverse reactions within a few weeks.