What Vaccinations Does My Child Need to Enter School?

In the mid-1970s, China formulated the National Regulations on Immunization Work, which was included in the national health plan for universal immunization of children. Its main content is "four vaccines against six diseases", that is, the basic immunization of BCG vaccine, polio trivalent sugar pill vaccine, diabetic triple vaccine and measles vaccine for children seven years of age and younger, and timely immunization, so that children Get immune to tuberculosis, polio, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and measles. In 1992, the Ministry of Health included the hepatitis B vaccine into the scope of planned immunization. As science and technology progress, planned immunization will continue to expand its content.

Childhood Immunization

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In the mid-1970s, China formulated the National Plan

1. Contents of Planned Immunization The main content of China's planned immunization work is to make "four seedlings prevent six diseases", that is, the basis for BCG, trivalent polio vaccine, diabetic vaccine and measles vaccine for children aged 7 and under Immunization and subsequent appropriate boosters will enable children to become immune to tuberculosis, polio, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and measles. In 1992, the country added hepatitis B vaccine to the scope of planned immunization. Some provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions have also incorporated the prevention of infectious diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal meningitis, and mumps into planned immunization management.

2. Planned immunization program The immunization program refers to the types of vaccines to be vaccinated and the sequence and requirements of vaccinations. It mainly includes children's basic immunization and adult or special occupational populations, and special regions need vaccinations.

24 Within 24 hours of birth, get BCG vaccine and the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine.

1 month old, vaccinated against a second dose of hepatitis B vaccine.

(3) At the age of 2 months, the first polio vaccine was given.

3 months old, vaccinated against the second polio vaccine and the first diphtheria vaccine.

4 months old, vaccinated for the third polio vaccine and the second diphtheria vaccine.

5 months of age, the third vaccination.

6 months old, get a third dose of hepatitis B vaccine.

8 months old, vaccinated against measles.

1.5 to 2 years old, inoculated with Baibaipo.

4 years old, re-administered polio vaccine.

7 years old, multiple BCG vaccines, measles vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, and boosted vaccination against tetanus. [1-2]

3. Expanded national immunization planning program In 2007, the country expanded the types of vaccines provided free of charge by the immunization program, increasing the original "five seedlings and seven diseases" to 15 infectious diseases. Hepatitis A vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, meningopolysaccharide vaccine, rubella vaccine, mumps vaccine, leptospirosis vaccine, epidemic hemorrhagic fever vaccine and anthrax vaccine were added.

1. Vaccination route and dose The vaccine route, the age of the vaccinated subjects and the dose are different. If immunization route and dosage are improper, it will not only affect the immune effect, but also increase the vaccination response and even cause vaccination accidents. Therefore, the vaccine instructions should be read in detail before vaccination.

2. Vaccine contraindications WHO requires contraindications for routine immunization if:

Immunodeficiency, malignant diseases (tumor, leukemia), and those whose immune function is suppressed by using radiation therapy or antimetabolites cannot use live vaccines;

The vaccination subject is suffering from acute disease with fever or obvious general discomfort, and vaccination should be postponed;

(3) Those who have had serious adverse reactions to previous vaccination should not continue vaccination;

Children with neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and infantile spasms, should not be vaccinated against pertussis antigens.

3. Vaccination response Biological products are a foreign body to the human body. After inoculation, they can cause a beneficial immune response, but can also cause adverse reactions or allergic reactions that are harmful to the body. The main side reactions are as follows:

General reaction Within 24 hours of vaccination, inflammatory reactions such as redness, swelling, heat, and pain appear in the vaccination area, sometimes accompanied by systemic reactions such as fever, dizziness, nausea, and diarrhea. These are generally normal immune responses and do not require any treatment and can disappear within 1 to 2 days.

A few people have abnormal reactions after vaccination, such as syncope, anaphylactic shock, allergic encephalomyelitis, allergic dermatitis, angioedema and so on. Although the incidence of these reactions is very low, the consequences are very serious. If they are not rescued in time, they can be life-threatening.

(3) Coupling disease has nothing to do with vaccination, but was mistaken for vaccination due to coincidence in time. [1]

"Implementation Plan for Expanding National Immunization Programs" by the Ministry of Health

In order to implement the spirit of Expanding the scope of the national immunization plan, including 15 types of infectious diseases that can be effectively prevented by vaccination, including hepatitis A and meningococcal disease, into the national immunization plan, which was proposed by Premier Wen Jiabao at the 5th Session of the 10th National People s Congress, expand the country The objectives and tasks of the immunization plan, standardize and guide the scientific implementation of the expansion of the national immunization plan, effectively prevent and control related infectious diseases, and formulate this plan.

I. Principles

The expanded national immunization plan was implemented in accordance with the principles of focusing on priorities, classified guidance, focusing on practical results, and step-by-step implementation.

Content

(1) On the basis of the six national immunization plan vaccines such as hepatitis B vaccine, BCG vaccine, polio vaccine, diabetic vaccine, measles vaccine and diabetic vaccine used nationwide, cell-free diabetic vaccine is used to replace diabetic vaccine The vaccine was broken. Hepatitis A vaccine, meningococcal vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine and measles gout vaccine were included in the national immunization plan, and children of appropriate age were routinely vaccinated.

(2) Vaccination of key populations in key areas in key areas; when an outbreak of anthrax, leptospirosis, or flooding may lead to an outbreak of leptospirosis, anthrax vaccines and leptospiral vaccines should be given to key populations.

Preventing hepatitis B, tuberculosis, polio, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, measles, hepatitis A, epidemic encephalomyelitis, epidemic encephalitis B, rubella, mumps, 15 infectious diseases including epidemic hemorrhagic fever, anthrax and leptospirosis.

Third, the goal

(1) The overall goal.

Fully implement the expanded national immunization plan, continue to maintain polio-free status, eliminate measles, control hepatitis B, and further reduce the incidence of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases.

(2) Work indicators.

1. By 2010, hepatitis B vaccine, BCG vaccine, polio vaccine, diabetic vaccine (including tetanus vaccine), measles vaccine (including leprosy vaccine containing measles vaccine components, measles vaccine, measles vaccine) will be given to children of appropriate age The rate is more than 90% in units of townships.

2. By 2010, meningococcal vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine and hepatitis A vaccine will strive to universally inoculate school-age children nationwide.

3. The vaccination rate of the target population of hemorrhagic fever vaccine reached more than 70%.

4. Anthracnose vaccine and leptospiral vaccine are more than 70% of the target population.

4. Vaccination requirements

(1) Vaccination time.

Hepatitis B vaccine

Three doses were given, one dose each at birth, one month old, and six months old. The first dose was given as early as 24 hours after birth.

2. BCG vaccination 1 time, the child is vaccinated at birth.

3. 4 doses of polio vaccination, 1 dose of 2 months, 3 months, 4 months and 4 years of age.

4. Diphtheria vaccine

Four doses were given, and children were given one dose each at 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, and 18-24 months. The cell-free vaccine is the same as the vaccine. In the stage of insufficient supply of ABC vaccine, in accordance with the order of the fourth dose to the first dose, the ABC vaccine was replaced by the ABC vaccine; the insufficient part continued to use the ABC vaccine.

5. White broken vaccine

One dose is given, and the child is vaccinated at 6 years of age.

6. Leprosy vaccine (leprosy, measles, measles vaccine), insufficient supply of measles vaccine, transitional immunization program using measles-containing vaccine. One dose of sub-leprosy vaccine was given at the age of 8 months, and the measles vaccine continued to be used for the insufficient part of the leprosy vaccine. One dose of measles vaccine should be given at 18-24 months of age. The measles vaccine should be replaced by the measles vaccine. The measles vaccine should be continued for the measles vaccine.

7. Meningococcal vaccine

4 doses, children 6-18 months old received 2 doses of group A meningococcal vaccine, 3 years old and 6 years old, each received 1 dose of group A + C meningococcal vaccine.

8. Japanese encephalitis vaccine The Japanese encephalitis attenuated live vaccine is vaccinated 2 times, and children 8 months old and 2 years old are vaccinated once. JE vaccine was inoculated 4 times, children 8 months old received 2 doses, and 2 and 6 years old received 1 dose each.

9. Hepatitis A vaccine

Live hepatitis A attenuated vaccine is given once, and children are 18 months old. Hepatitis A inactivated vaccine is given in 2 doses, and children in 18 months and 24-30 months are given 1 dose each.

10. Hemorrhagic fever vaccine

Three doses were inoculated. The recipients were inoculated with the second dose 14 days after the first inoculation, and the third dose was inoculated 6 months after the first inoculation.

11. Anthrax vaccine Anthracnose vaccine is inoculated once. In the case of anthrax outbreak, direct contact with patients or sick animals and patients cannot be vaccinated.

12. Leptospira vaccine Leptospira vaccine is given in two doses, and the recipient is given the second dose 7-10 days after the first dose. See the schedule for vaccine immunization.

(2) The object of vaccination.

1. The current national immunization plan vaccine is in accordance with the immunization program. All school-age children who have reached the age of months (years) should be vaccinated.

2. The vaccines that are newly included in the national immunization plan are vaccinated to children who have reached the next month (year) of each dose prescribed in the immunization program from the prescribed time.

3. Vaccination subjects for booster immunization are determined according to the booster immunization implementation plan.

4. Hemorrhagic fever vaccination is the target population aged 16-60 in key areas.

5. Anthrax vaccination targets are cases of anthrax or indirect contacts with sick animals and high-risk groups around the epidemic site.

6. Leptospiral vaccination is targeted at high-risk groups of 7-60 years old who may be exposed to epidemic water in endemic areas.

V. Scope of implementation

(1) Expand the national immunization plan to cover 31 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.

(2) Hepatitis B, BCG, polio, diphtheria, meningococcal, and tetanus vaccines are implemented nationwide.

(3) Except for Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, JE vaccine is fully implemented in other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. Whether the Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps will carry out JE vaccination will be reported to the Ministry of Health by the district health bureaus.

(4) Hepatitis A vaccine, measles gall breeze, cell-free dihydrotetracycline and other vaccines are temporarily unable to meet the vaccination of all children of appropriate age. Provincial health administrative departments (including Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Health Bureau, the same below) according to the annual central special fund arrangement plan , The epidemic situation of the disease, and the feasibility of implementation, etc., choose the implementation area and implementation target. With the increase in the supply of vaccines, the scope of implementation is gradually expanded.

(5) The implementation scope of polio vaccine and measles vaccine booster immunization is determined according to the booster immunization implementation plan.

(6) The provinces will be determined according to the epidemic situation. Anthrax vaccine and Leptospira vaccine should be used for emergency vaccination when an outbreak of anthracnose, Leptospirosis or flooding may lead to an outbreak of Leptospirosis.

Implementation measures

(1) Strengthen leadership and organize the implementation and expansion of the national immunization plan.

Local health administrative departments at all levels should take the implementation of the expanded national immunization plan as their current priority and strengthen their leadership. It is necessary to formulate a specific implementation plan for expanding the national immunization plan in the region, and, under the leadership of the local people's government, together with relevant departments of finance, development reform, education, food and drug supervision, organize and implement the expansion of the national immunization plan.

(2) Widely publicize and raise public awareness of expanding national immunization programs. It is necessary to give full play to all aspects of society, make full use of radio, television, newspapers, and other forms, and vigorously publicize the national immunization program policies and achievements, as well as the importance of implementing immunization programs to protect public health. Carry out regular publicity and "4.25" immunization day publicity activities, widely popularize vaccination knowledge, increase the enthusiasm and initiative of the whole society to participate in the national immunization program, and create an atmosphere for the whole society to participate in the implementation of the national immunization program.

(3) Strengthen team building and improve the ability to implement national immunization programs.

Local health administrative departments at all levels should expand the work of national immunization planning, strengthen the construction of relevant institutions and teams of immunization planning, rationally plan and set up vaccination units, and adjust and enrich immunization planning professionals and grass-roots vaccination personnel. Develop training plans, do a good job in training of immunization planning professionals, grass-roots vaccination personnel and relevant personnel in medical institutions, and improve business level and service capabilities. Disease prevention and control agencies at all levels should strengthen technical guidance for the implementation of the expanded national immunization program.

(4) Improve the form of immunization services, standardize the behavior of immunization, and improve the quality of immunization services.

It is necessary to adjust the form of immunization services and increase the number of services in accordance with the content and requirements of the expanded national immunization plan and the actual situation in the local area to ensure that children of appropriate age receive timely immunization services. Strengthen the management of immunization services, and carry out immunization in strict accordance with the relevant provisions of the "Vaccination Work Specifications" and new immunization procedures. Strengthen vaccination work in remote, impoverished areas, and migrant children, and strive to increase vaccination rates. Actively cooperate with the education department to do a good job of checking children's enrollment and school vaccination certificates. Accelerate the construction of a child immunization information management system and provide information support for the implementation of an expanded national immunization plan.

(5) Strengthen the cold chain construction to ensure the cold chain operation of the national immunization plan vaccine.

It is necessary to expand the capacity of the cold chain and improve the cold chain construction, supplement, and update mechanisms according to the needs of the implementation of the expanded national immunization plan. Disease prevention and control institutions and inoculation units should strictly implement the cold chain operation of vaccines in accordance with the requirements of the "Vaccine Storage and Transportation Management Regulations", and do a good job of expanding the cold chain monitoring and management of vaccine immunization storage, transportation, and use in various sectors .

(6) Strictly regulate the use and management of special funds.

Strictly follow the public health special fund management regulations to use the special funds for the expansion of the national immunization plan to ensure that the special funds are dedicated. Effectively strengthen the registration, use and management of vaccines and syringes, and promptly approve vaccination subsidies for rural doctors and other preventive health care staff. Each province, autonomous region, municipality, and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps will report to the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention the annual demand plan for the next year's national immunization plan vaccine and matching syringes by the end of October. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported to the Ministry of Health. The selection and procurement methods for expanding the vaccine varieties of the national immunization plan shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant regulations of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Finance.

Seven, supervision and evaluation

Local health administrative departments at all levels must regularly organize supervision and evaluation of the implementation of the expanded national immunization program in their jurisdictions, formulate scientific supervision and evaluation programs, and conduct regular supervision and evaluation activities at the provincial, city, and county levels to identify problems and resolve them in a timely manner. Supervise and guide the implementation of various measures. The Ministry of Health will regularly evaluate the implementation of national immunization programs.