What Is a Heart Chamber?

The heart is one of the organs of humans and vertebrates. Is the power in the circulatory system, mainly composed of myocardium, there are four chambers of the left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle. Therefore, the heart chamber can be divided into right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The left and right atria and the left and right ventricles are separated by a space, so they are not connected to each other. There are valves between the atria and the ventricles. These valves allow blood to flow from the atrium into the ventricle, but not backward. The role of the heart is to promote blood flow, provide sufficient blood flow to organs and tissues to supply oxygen and various nutrients, and take away the end products of metabolism (such as carbon dioxide, urea, and uric acid), so that cells maintain normal metabolism and function.

Heart cavity

The structure of the heart cavity is one of the important contents of the cardiovascular system. By observing the anatomy of the heart, you can truly observe the local position, relationship and shape of the various structures of the heart cavity, and correctly understand the direction of blood flow in the heart cavity. The clinical application has important significance. When traditional specimens display the structure of the heart cavity, the heart cavity window method [1] is mostly used, that is, a -shaped or -shaped incision of different sizes is formed on the surface of the heart cavity, and the valve is opened or directly opened. The internal structure of the heart cavity can be observed by valve resection. This method is straightforward and simple, but the cardiac cavity structure is not fully exposed, especially the aortic and pulmonary arterial structures cannot be fully displayed, and the specimens are not uniform in shape, which often affects the overall observation of the heart. In response to the above deficiencies, the author has improved the preparation of anatomy specimens of the heart cavity, and indicated the direction of blood flow in the heart cavity, and received good results.

Heart cavity

1 selection and extraction

An adult corpse that has been fixed with antisepsis is used. The chest cavity is opened as usual, and the branches of the aortic arch, descending aorta, and superior and inferior vena cava are cut off respectively. The left and right pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins are cut near the hilum, and the heart is removed. The pericardium, which trims the large blood vessels in and out of the heart, makes the appearance and structure of the specimen neat, and the surface marks are clear, making preparations for determining the orientation and operation of the heart.

2 making method

2.1 open the right atrium and right ventricle

From the root of the superior vena cava, an arc-shaped incision is made along the periphery of the right atrial appendage in the forward, right, and rear directions, and is cut to the vicinity of the root of the inferior vena cava. Turn the right atrium slice back and up to observe the internal structure of the right atrium. This method can fully display the morphological characteristics of the vena cava sinus and the intrinsic atrium, and clearly see the comb muscle, superior and inferior vena cava mouth, coronary sinus mouth, right atrioventricular mouth, atrial septum and oval fossa. When the anterior wall of the right ventricle is 1 from the right side of the anterior interventricular groove, a -shaped incision is made parallel to the anterior interventricular groove. When the upper end is cut below the pulmonary artery port, the anterior wall of the pulmonary artery trunk is cut with scissors to expose the pulmonary artery port. Pulmonary valve is shown; when the lower end is cut near the apex notch, the arc is extended to the right to enlarge the field of view. It should be noted that the incision should not be too close to the anterior intersulcus, otherwise it will destroy the deep marginal meat column. Open the anterior wall of the right ventricle along the incision, which can fully display the morphological characteristics of the inflow and outflow tracts, and clearly identify the tricuspid valve complex, the marginal muscle column, the pulmonary artery port, and the pulmonary valve. This incision is "" shaped. When the flap is opened, the heart cavity is completely exposed. When not in use, the incision is tightly closed and the specimen is full.

2.2 Incision of the left atrium and left ventricle

Make a vertical incision in the posterior wall of the left atrium and between the left and right pulmonary veins, and cut the lower end to above the coronary sinus, so as not to damage the coronary sinus. The upper edge of the atrial appendage is cut open to expand the observation field. The left atrium can be fully exposed by turning left along the incision, and the left and right pulmonary vein mouths and the left atrioventricular mouth can be clearly seen. An arc-shaped incision parallel to the anterior interventricular groove was made 1 cm to the left of the anterior interventricular groove, and the upper end of the aortic artery was cut open to the left of the apex and extended horizontally to the left. By separating the anterior wall of the left ventricle along the tangent line by hand, the left ventricle cavity can be fully exposed, showing the direction of the inflow and outflow tracts, the mitral valve complex; at the root of the aorta, the aortic wall is cut to show the aortic valve and the left coronary Artery mouth. If the incision is properly extended upward, the right coronary artery port can be further displayed [1].

2.3 Marking the direction of blood flow in the heart cavity

After the specimen is cut, remove the blood clot in the cavity, rinse the cavity and the surface dirt; trim the cutting edge to keep the appearance of the specimen authentic and beautiful. Cut the blue tying wire (material for plastic bag tying, 5 mm wide, 0.5 mm thick, with good plasticity) into 7 2 cm long arrows at the superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, right Atrioventricular ostium, right ventricular inflow tract, outflow tract and pulmonary artery ostium were fixed to the heart wall with "502" adhesive according to the direction of blood flow, showing the direction of venous blood flow in the right half of the heart. Cut the red tie wire into 8 arrows with a length of 2 cm. At the upper and lower pulmonary veins, the left atrioventricular opening, the left ventricular inflow tract, the outflow tract, and the aortic opening, use "502" to adhere according to the blood flow direction. The agent was fixed on the heart wall, showing the direction of flow of arterial blood in the left half of the heart.

3 production experience

When cutting off large blood vessels, the blood vessels should be kept as long as possible, especially the superior and inferior vena cava and left and right pulmonary veins, which play an important role in supporting the atrium, establishing a surface marker of the heart, and establishing the orientation of the heart. When sectioning, the design should be reasonable, the positioning should be accurate, and the incision should be flat. Avoid damaging the structure in the cavity and lose the observation significance. During observation, three probes can be passed through the superior and inferior vena cava, left and right superior pulmonary veins, and left and right inferior pulmonary veins. The probe passing through the vena cava is vertical and the probe passing through the pulmonary vein is horizontal. Anatomy of the heart. This specimen preparation method uses a linear incision, which is less destructive, complete in shape, normal in shape, and fully exposed in the heart cavity. It can fully display the structure of the heart cavity and the direction of blood flow, which is convenient for the overall observation of the heart. Is of great significance.