What is a Gluon?
Gluons are particles (canonical bosons) that transfer strong interactions between Quarks. There are 8 types in total, with a static mass of 0, a spin of 1, and a color charge. The electromagnetic interaction between charged particles is achieved by exchanging photons; in contrast, the strong interaction between quarks with color charges is achieved by exchanging gluons. The difference is that photons have no charge and photons Photons cannot be emitted or absorbed by themselves; gluons have a color charge, and there is also a strong interaction between gluons. The gluons themselves can release or absorb gluons. Free gluons have not been found in experiments, but in the 1968 deep inelastic scattering experiments of electrons on protons, it was shown that the protons have a point structure. Only half of the energy of the protons is carried by the charged point material, and the other half is Carried by neutral non-electromagnetic components. According to the quark model and quantum chromodynamics, this charged point structure is quark, and the neutral component is the gluon. The experimental results provide evidence that gluons may be present. In 1979, a triple injection phenomenon was found in a high-energy positron-positron collision experiment, which further showed the existence of gluons.
- In physics, gluon is a kind of responsible
- The gluon itself has a strong charge and produces a strong interaction. The self-interaction between gluons allows the color field to form a string, often called a "flux tube". [2]
- Gumballs are hadron-bound states composed of pure gluons. Gumballs can theoretically exist because of strong interactions between gluons. It should be noted that, like other known hadron states such as mesons and baryons, the rubber ball itself is not colored, that is, color neutral. There are many possible colloidal states in theory, but none have been confirmed by experiments. [2]
- Experimentally, the signals of quarks and gluons are often revealed by their fragmentation into more quark gluons. These fragmented quark gluons will undergo the process of hadronization to become the colorless hadrons that are usually seen in experiments. At a summer conference in 1978, the PLUTO detector experiments of the German positron collider and the storage ring DORIS (DESY) claimed to have found the first evidence of the existence of gluons, and they found a very narrow resonance peak Y ( The hadron-type decay process of 9.46) can be interpreted as a three-jet event caused by three gluons. Subsequent experimental analysis including this experiment confirms that the above observation is indeed a three-injection event generated by triglia, and confirms that the gluon has a spin of 1. [3]
- Three injection diagram
- In the summer of 1979, a three-jet phenomenon was also observed in DESY's PETRA experiment, which is now interpreted as the bremsstrahlung radiation of the positive and negative quark gluons. Subsequent experiments such as TASSO, MARK-J, and PLUTO have confirmed this observation.
- In addition, between 1996 and 2007, H1 and ZEUS detector experiments measured the number and momentum distribution of gluons in protons. HERMES and HERA experiments investigated the contribution of gluon components to proton spin.
- Quark
- So far, no free quark particles have been found experimentally. The modern view is that color freedom is usually confined (color confinement), so a free quark cannot exist alone because it carries a color charge, but is constrained by the color quantum number and the taste quantum number to form a colorless strong This state is called the quark confinement phenomenon. However, Fermilab experiments have shown signs of a single top quark (actually still paired, but the positive and negative quarks have different flavor numbers). So far, the existence of gel balls has not been confirmed experimentally. [4]
- In 2000, the CERN SPS heavy ion collision experiment claimed to have observed the phenomenon of confinement, and they discovered a completely new state of matter, the quark-gluon plasma. Since there is no such strong interaction between quark gluons as in hadrons, the quark gluon plasma is very similar to the presence of a liquid. From 2004 to 2010, four simultaneous experiments at the Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) also announced the discovery of the quark-gluon plasma state. In 2010, three experiments ALICE, ATLAS, and CMS of the Large Hadron Collider of CERN also claimed to confirm the existence of the quark-gluon plasma state. [1]
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|