What are Some Major Ecosystems?

Ecosystem ^{[1] is} abbreviated as ECO, which is an abbreviation for ecosystem, which refers to a unified whole formed by living things and the environment in a certain space in nature. During the period, it was in a relatively stable state of dynamic equilibrium. The scope of the ecosystem can be large or small, interlaced with each other. The solar system is an ecosystem, and the sun is like an engine that continuously supplies energy to the solar system. The largest ecosystem on the planet is the biosphere; the most complex ecosystem is the tropical rain forest ecosystem. Humans mainly live in artificial ecosystems, mainly urban and farmland. The ecosystem is an open system. In order to maintain its own stability, the ecosystem needs to continuously input energy, otherwise there is a danger of collapse; many basic materials continue to circulate in the ecosystem. The carbon cycle is closely related to the global greenhouse effect. The ecosystem is ecological A major structural and functional unit in the field of science, belonging to the highest level of ecological research.

Ecosystem ^[1]

Every living thing draws air, moisture, sunlight, heat and nutrients from its surroundings. During the growth, reproduction and activities of organisms, various substances are continuously released and excreted into the surrounding environment, and the debris after death also returns to the environment. All living things live in an ecosystem according to this pattern. ^[3]

along with

In 1935, British ecologist Sir Arthur George Tansley was influenced by the Danish botanist Eugenius Warming to clearly propose the concept of ecosystems. think:

"(Original) But the fundmental conception is, as it seems to me, the whole system (in the sense of physics), including not only the organism-complex, but also the while complex of physical factors forming what we call the enviriment, with which they form one physical system. ... These ecosystems , as we may call them, are of the most various kinds and sizes. They form one category of the multitudinous physical systems of the universe, which range from the universe as a whole down to the atom. (Tansley A G. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms . Ecology, 1935,16 (3): 284-307.P 299) "(but for me, the basic concept is the entire system ( In the meaning of physics), it includes the complex composition of organisms and the complex composition of what we call the physical elements of the environment. Together these complex compositions form a physical system .... We can call it ecology Systems, these ecosystems are of the greatest variety and size. They form a wide variety of physical systems in the universe A type of the physical system to a range from the entire universe atoms.)

Tansley conducted an in-depth examination of the composition of the ecosystem and defined the ecosystem precisely.

New England writers first advocated the harmonious coexistence of man and nature.

1962, American marine biologist

Components of the ecosystem: abiotic matter and energy,

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The structure of ecosystems over time also changes. Generally, there are three time lengths. One is the long-term measurement, which takes the evolution of the ecosystem as the main content; the second is the medium-time measurement, which takes the community succession as the main content;

Wetland

Distribution: most areas

kind:

Artificial ecosystems have some very distinctive characteristics: the species of animals and plants are scarce, the role of people is very obvious, and there is dependence and interference on natural ecosystems. The artificial ecosystem can also be regarded as a complex ecosystem composed of the natural ecosystem and the economic system of human society.

Energy input

The energy of the ecosystem comes from solar energy. After the solar energy is fixed by the producer in the form of light energy, it begins to be transmitted in the ecosystem. The energy fixed by the producer only accounts for a small part of solar energy. The following table shows the solar energy. Main flow:

project	reflection	absorb	Water cycle	Wind, tide	Photosynthesis
The proportion	30%	46%	twenty three%	0.2%	0.8%

However, there is a staggering amount of photosynthesis at just 0.8% of energy: 3.8 × 10 ^ 25 J / s. After the producer fixes the solar energy, the energy is transferred in the form of chemical energy in the ecosystem.

Transmission and dissipation of energy

Energy transfer in the ecosystem is irreversible, and it gradually decreases, with a decreasing rate of 10% to 20%. The main way of energy transfer is the food chain and food web. This constitutes a nutritional relationship. When transferred to each trophic level, the assimilation energy goes: unused (for future reproduction and growth), metabolic consumption (breathing, excretion) Use by the next trophic level (except the highest trophic level).

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Can reduce the risk of natural disasters

Ecosystem health and service function The product production system mainly realizes the production function of ecosystem evaluation parameters, including vegetation index, leaf area index, grassland status, radiation calculation, surface temperature, specific emissivity, surface transpiration and evapotranspiration, and ecosystem productivity The calculation of equal parameters, combined with the above parameters and related model methods, realize the function of evaluating grassland bearing capacity. At the same time, the system also provides a map making function, which can produce thematic maps of products produced by this system or other system products and output them as pictures or printouts. The production of health and service functional products related to this system provides a data basis for ecosystem health assessment.

1 File operations

This module mainly implements the management of map files, including creating new map files, opening map files, saving and saving map files, and opening and exporting image functions.

2 Production

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Introduction

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As an independently operating open system, the ecosystem has a certain stability. The stability of the ecosystem refers to the ability of the ecosystem to maintain or restore its own structure and function. The inherent reason for the stability of the ecosystem is ecology. Self-regulation of the system (steady state and environment p.109). When the ecosystem is in a stable state, it is said to have reached an ecological balance. Ecosystem development has stages, that is, it has relatively stable transient states. The changes between these transient states are called

Since Carson's Silent Spring, the impact of the vigorous environmental movement on the world has not just stayed in the biological world. Economics, philosophy, and daily life are all impacted by the environmental movement to varying degrees. Lester Brown proposed

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Forest Ecosystem is an ecosystem composed of a tree-based biological community (including plants, animals, and microorganisms) and its abiotic environment (light, heat, water, gas, soil, etc.). Is the exchange of matter between living things and the environment, living things,

It is divided into tropical rain forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and cold temperate coniferous forest. The rainforest ecosystem is the highest biomass ecosystem on land.

Why long-term stability?

On the earth's land, the forest ecosystem is the largest ecosystem. Compared with other terrestrial ecosystems, forest ecosystems have the most complex composition, the most complete structure, the most vigorous energy conversion and material circulation, and therefore have the highest biological productivity and the strongest ecological effects. Specifically, it has the following characteristics and advantages.

The forest occupies a large space and the tree life span is long. The advantages of forests in occupying space are shown in three aspects. The first is a wide horizontal distribution area. The Daxinganling Mountains range from the north to the islands of the South China Sea in the south, Taiwan Province in the east, and the Himalayas in the west. The forest occupies vast space. Second, the vertical distribution height of the forest can generally reach the lower limit of snow throughout the year, and it can reach 4200-4300 meters in low latitudes. Third, the forest community is higher than other plant communities. The height of growing forests is generally about 30 meters. The height of tropical rain forests and coniferous forests with excellent environment can reach 70 to 80 meters. Some individual trees can even reach more than 100 meters in height. The height of the grassland community is generally only 20 to 200 cm, and the height of the farmland community is mostly 50 to 100 cm. In contrast, it can be seen that forests have the greatest ability to use space.

The main components of the forest are trees. Trees have long growing seasons, and some tree species have long life spans. In China, thousands of years old trees are common. According to data records, apple trees can live for 100 to 200 years; pear trees can live for 300 years; walnut trees can live for 300 to 400 years; elm trees can live for 500 years; birch trees can live for 600 years; camphor and oak trees can live for 800 years. Years; the life of pine and cypress trees can exceed 1000 years. Trees have a long growing period. From the perspective of harvesting, it seems that they do not contribute as much as crops. However, from an ecological perspective, it can play a long-term role in covering the ground and improving the environment. Because the forest ecosystem has such advantages in space and time, the impact of the forest on the environment is large, the duration is long, the protection is strong, and the benefits are significant.