What Are the Different Types of Science Essays?

An academic dissertation is a scientific record of new scientific research results or innovative insights and knowledge on an experimental, theoretical, or predictive basis of an academic topic, or a scientific summary of a known principle applied to actually make new progress , Which is used to provide written documents that are read out, communicated, discussed in academic conferences, or published in academic journals, or used for other purposes.

Academic papers

Academic paper writing method

The topic selection is of paramount importance in the writing of academic papers. This is because only research on meaningful topics can achieve good results and be beneficial to scientific career and real life; and a meaningless research, even if the research is better and the paper is more beautiful, there is no science Value. Professor Qian Xuesen believes: "Research topics must be closely integrated with the needs of the country, and research methods must be kept from digging into the corners of the horns and embarrassing philosophies. At present in the social sciences, some people have written articles about ancient people's sentences, repeatedly researched, and wrote a large article. I do nt see much meaning in thesis. Therefore, we have to choose topics of scientific value for research and writing. So, which principles should be used to choose a topic?
(1) Be scientific. It should include: urgent problems to be solved; new scientific discoveries and new creations in science; filling of gaps or gaps in disciplines; correction of popular sayings; supplements to previous theories; and so on.
(2) Conducive to unfolding. Refers to: have a strong interest; be able to make use of business expertise; easy first, then difficult, moderate size; have a certain amount of information; be able to get guidance from the instructor; be able to complete within a certain time; limit the topic.

Notes for academic papers

1. The abstract should exclude the content that has become common sense in the subject area; do not write the content that should appear in the introduction into the abstract; generally do not interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).

2. Do not simply repeat the information already in the title. For example, the title of an article is "Study on the occurrence of rhizomes in test tube culture of several Chinese orchid seeds". Do not write at the beginning of the abstract: "In order to ... Research. "

3. Rigorous structure, concise expression and precise semantics. What you write first and what you write later should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent from top to bottom and echo each other. Abstract Use long sentences with caution. Sentence patterns should be simple. Every sentence must be ideologically clear. There is no vague, general, and vague word, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and the telegram-style writing is not desirable. The abstract is not segmented.

4. Use the third person. It is recommended to use "researched ...", "reported ...", "researched ..." to indicate the nature and subject of a document, without using "this article", "author", etc. as subjects .

5. Use standardized terminology instead of non-public symbols and terms. If the new term does not yet have a suitable Chinese term, it may be indicated in the original text or in parentheses after translation.

6. Except for the fact that it cannot be modified, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations or tables.

7. No citation is required unless the document confirms or denies the published work of others.

8. Abbreviations, acronyms, and codes, in addition to being clearly understood by readers of adjacent majors, must be explained when they first appear. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as the use of legal units of measurement, the correct use of language and punctuation, etc., are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. The main problems in the preparation of the abstract are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; citations, no independence and self-evidentity;

Academic paper format

One. Accurate and decent

The paper title is required to accurately express the content of the paper and properly reflect the scope and depth of the research.

The common faults are: too general, the title is not subtle. For example: 'Research on the fatigue strength of metals' is too general. If it is changed to the specific object of the study, the proposition will be made. The effect will be much better, such as 'Study of fatigue strength of nickel-containing alloys', such titles are much more relevant. Another example: 'Study on the influence of aluminum and titanium contents on high-temperature long-term performance and microstructure stability in 35Ni-15Cr-type iron-based superalloys' is a long and inaccurate question. What does 35Ni-15Cr mean Inexplicable, is it the percentage content? Is it a weight ratio? Volume ratio? Metal grade? Or anything else, it is unknown, this is called the title is ambiguous, and the solution is to clearly show the content of the thesis research from the perspective of the reader. If the above title refers to the percentage content, it can be stated in the text, it does not have to be written in the title, the title only needs to reflect the fact that it contains Ni and Cr. The reference modification is: 'Effect of Al and Ti content in Ni and Cr alloys on high temperature performance and microstructure stability'.

The key issue is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the thesis, or the content of the thesis should be matched and closely related to the content of the thesis, that is, the topic should be deducted, and the text should be deducted. These are the basic guidelines for writing a dissertation.

two. Brief refinement

Try to reduce the number of words in the title, and the words need to be selected. As for how many words are acceptable, there is no uniform 'hard' rule. It is generally hoped that the title of a dissertation should not exceed 20 words. However, due to the pursuit of fewer words, the proper reflection of the topic on the content cannot be affected. When there is a spear, it is better to use a few words and try to be clear.

Troublesome titles such as: 'Research on rapid analysis methods of chemical components in molten steel' are common. In such topics, words like 'about', 'research', and so on, do not affect expression. As a dissertation, it always includes research and research on what aspects, so the above topic can be refined as: 'Fast analysis method of chemical composition of molten steel'. With this change, the number of words has been reduced from the original 21 to 12 words, and it feels clean and short.

If the short title is not enough to show the content of the thesis or reflect the nature of a series of studies, it can be solved by using positive and subtitle methods. Subtitles are added to explain specific experimental materials, methods and content, so that the title becomes full and accurate. It is not general and general. For example, "(Main Title) Dynamic Dislocation Groups of Active Dislocation Groups-(Subtitle) Simulation of Slip Characteristics of Active Dislocation Groups with Electronic Computers".

three. Extension and connotation are appropriate

'Extension' and 'intension' belong to concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to each object reflected by a concept; the so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object.

In the proposition, if we do not consider the proper use of extension and connotation in logic, errors may occur, at least improperly. For example, the title 'Design of a reasonable combination of people, animals, and machinery in the countryside' is logically wrong. The extension of "person" in the title may refer to young adults, or it may refer to infants, young children, or the elderly, because the latter is also a "person", but it is not a person with working ability, which obviously does not belong to the proposition. Therefore, the general use of 'people' is inappropriate. In the same way, 'animal' can refer to cattle, but it can also refer to sheep and pigs. May I ask, where have you seen sheep and pigs used to plow the fields? So it is also an improper extension error. Among them, due to the use of 'labour' and 'animal power', they will not be misunderstood as those who do not have the ability to work and who cannot be used for service.

four. Eye-catching

Although the title of the dissertation is in a prominent position that first catches the eyes of the readers, there is still a question of whether the title is eye-catching, because the words used in the title and the content they express are eye-catching, and their effects are far apart.

Some people have done statistical analysis on some of the titles of papers published in 1987 in 36 publicly held medical journals, and selected 100 titles with errors. Among the 100 titles with errors, 20% are the errors of 'omitting improperly' (for example, the title of 'determinants of abnormal blood pressure response after exercise and exercise'), omitting 'patients with coronary artery disease' as' Coronary fat disease '; the title of' Progress of liver disease in various countries in the world ', which omits' treatment of liver disease 'as' liver disease '); 12% of errors that belong to' improper use of prepositions '(such as' endoscopic fluorescence detection for diagnosis of digestion The title of "Evaluation of Dao Cancer" originally meant that the author used this method to diagnose and evaluate gastrointestinal cancer, but in fact, "endoscopic fluorescence detection" became the subject, of course, inappropriate.) The main errors in the use of prepositions are: the subject is omitted-after the first-person pronoun is unsatisfactory, the preposition structure is not used, and the auxiliary component is mistaken as the subject; when the preposition is required but not used; when the preposition structure is not required use. 1111% of the "main mistake" (such as the clinical and experimental study of the "new crown film" wrong with coronary heart disease); 9% of the "improper use of side-by-side relationship" error (such as: cystoscopy in elderly patients and Complications'); 9% of errors are 'inappropriate words' and' confusion of sentences'. Other types of errors, such as lengthy titles, inconsistent titles, repetitions, and ambiguity, also occur from time to time.

National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB7714-87 'Description Rules for Post-Reference Bibliographic References', also provides the following provisions for the descriptive items and descriptive formats of post-reference references:

1. focus on

(1) Description items: main responsible person, book title, edition, publication item (publishing place: publisher, publication year).

(2) Description format: main responsible person, book, other responsible person, edition, place of publication: publisher, year of publication, (number of documents, series item, note item, document standard number-above for selection).

2. Serials

(1) Description items: title, main responsible person, version, publication item (publishing place: publisher, publication year).

(2) Description format: title, main responsible person, version, year, month, volume (period) ~ year, month, volume (period), place of publication: publisher, year of publication, (cluster item, note item, literature Standard number-for selection)

3 Patent literature

4 report

5. Degree Dissertation

6. Documents isolated in serials

7. Literature precipitated in monographs

Academic Paper Structure

Cover one

Table 1 Academic Paper (Design) Opening Report

Table 2 Record of academic paper (design) process inspection

Please keep all the email records that you usually communicate with the teacher in order to fill in the form four times (at least) "Student Summary" and "Teacher Opinion".

Remember: "Instructor's opinion", please also ask students to fill in the "Outline" of the thesis outline and the main body of the thesis according to the email content of the teacher's reply.

Table 3 The defense of academic papers (designs)

Those who do not require a respondent may leave out Schedule 3. It is the practice of the Accounting Department that only papers with a good initial evaluation score require a defense. Therefore, only the papers with excellent initial evaluation scores need Schedule III.

Table of contents (separate page)

Table of contents, take the first and second headings in the text, do not write the third and fourth headings.

After the listed headings, carry the page number.

Paper Title (Main Title)

Chinese abstracts (300 to 500 words in Chinese) and keywords (3 to 5); English abstracts and keywords

These two items should be on a separate page. One page is not enough, plus another page.

Text (generally no less than 5,000 words).

The body should have a page number, with the page number centered.

Comments, if any, are best in the form of "endnotes" (but regular papers use "footnotes"); references should not be used as comments!

Bibliography or references

Acknowledgements (Be always grateful)

back cover

Notes on notes and references

Comment

Academic writing requirements

1. Title

2. Author name and organization

3. Summary

the purpose and importance of conducting this research;

The main content of the study, indicating what work has been completed;

The basic conclusions and research results obtained, highlighting the new insights of the paper;

Meaning of conclusion or result.

1. Main body

The main text is the thesis of a thesis, which belongs to the main body of the thesis. It occupies the largest length of the thesis. The creative results or new research results embodied in the thesis will be fully reflected in this part. Therefore, this part is required to be substantial, with sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments, and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, and also to achieve a clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph may be titled appropriately (subheading or subheading).

Academic thesis writing guide

1. Title (Title, Topic)

The title is also called the title or title. The title is a logical combination of the most appropriate and concise words reflecting the most important specific content in the paper. Thesis title is the first important information about the scope and level of a thesis given by a dissertation. It must also take into account the specific usefulness of searching for secondary keywords such as unsatisfactory keyword selection and indexing and indexing. information. The thesis topic is very important and must be carefully selected. Someone described its importance, using the following sentence: "Thesis title is half of the article." The requirements for the thesis title are: accurate and decent: short and refined: extension and connotation are appropriate: eye-catching.

1. Author name and department

This item belongs to the paper signature issue. The first is to indicate the responsibility of the author, the second is to record the labor results of the role, and the third is to facilitate the reader's contact with the author and literature retrieval (author index). It is roughly divided into two cases, namely: single author paper and multi-author paper. The latter is listed as the first author, the second author in the order of their signatures ... It is important to adhere to a practical and factual attitude. The most important contributions to research work and thesis writing are listed as the first author, the second most contributed, and the second author, and so on. Indicating the author's organization is also to facilitate readers to contact the author. (3) Abstract (Abstract) Papers should generally have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly in English) abstracts. It is a short statement without comment or comment on the content of the paper. Other uses are to obtain the necessary information without reading the full text of the dissertation. The abstract should include the following: the purpose and importance of engaging in this research; the main content of the research, indicating what work has been completed; the basic conclusions and research results obtained, highlighting the new insights of the paper; the significance of the conclusions or results .

1. Key words

Keywords belong to a category of keywords. In addition to keywords, subject words also contain unit words and title words. The subject word is a new type of information retrieval language vocabulary that is used to describe the subject matter of the literature and to retrieve the information. It is precisely because of its appearance and development that computerized information retrieval (computer retrieval) becomes possible. Subject words are words or phrases that distinguish between things by their characteristic relationships, express them in natural language, and have a matching function to accurately display the dynamics of the semantic conceptual relationship between words. Keywords are the subject words that indicate the subject matter of the document, but have not been dealt with in a standardized way. Keywords are used for document indexing and are selected from the paper to indicate words or terms of the main content information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3 ~ 8 words as keywords.

The general selection method for keywords or keywords is

After the author has finished writing the paper, looking at the full text, he can choose the information or vocabulary that can indicate the main content of the paper. These places or words can be found and selected from the title of the paper, or from the content of the paper . For example, in the above example, six keywords were selected, of which the first three were selected from the title of the paper, while the last three were selected from the content of the paper. The selection of the last three keywords supplements the main content information that the title of the paper fails to show, and also improves the depth of the concepts involved. Need to be selected, together with the keywords selected from the title, to form the keyword group of the paper.

The use of keywords and keywords is mainly to meet the needs of computer retrieval and to meet the needs of international computer online retrieval. Adding the term "keywords" to a publication opens up a new way for the publication to increase the "citation rate" and increase the "reputation".

(5) Introduction

The introduction, also called the preface, belongs to the introductory part of the entire thesis. His writing content includes: research reasons, purposes, backgrounds, previous work and knowledge gaps, theoretical and experimental foundations, expected results, and their status, role, and significance in related fields.

The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, and the content selection need not be too scattered and trivial. The wording should be refined and the reader should be read. There is no hard and fast rule for the size of the introduction. It depends on the size of the entire paper and the needs of the content of the paper.

Four characteristics of academic papers

scientific

creativity

Theoretical

Ease

Academic paper binding order

Cover

table of Contents

Summary

Abstract

Foreword

text

in conclusion

Thanks

references

Graduation Design Summary

appendix

back cover

1. Reference format

Serial number, author, book title (thesis name), publisher (journal name), publication time (journal time)

Note: 1500-word translation of foreign literature