What Is the Connection Between Hepatitis B and HIV?

AIDS antibody syringes and needles are not completely sterilized or sterilized will infect AIDS, especially children's vaccination is not more dangerous than one person, one needle and one tube; syringes and needles contaminated with HIV are important media for transmitting AIDS through blood. In western countries, intravenous drug addicts are the second largest group of people at risk for HIV after homosexuals, especially female AIDS patients with more than half of them.

HIV antibody

AIDS antibody syringes and needles are not completely sterilized or sterilized will infect AIDS, especially children's vaccination is not more dangerous than one person, one needle and one tube; syringes and needles contaminated with HIV are important media for transmitting AIDS through blood. in western countries,

HIV antibody test

HIV antibody testing: testing HIV antibodies in the blood is currently the most commonly used laboratory method for detecting HIV infection. Generally, there are two steps: first, a preliminary screening test, and if positive, a confirmation test A positive diagnosis can be made for HIV infection. ^[2]

Common methods are:

1 Pathogen detection Pathogen detection refers to the direct detection of viruses or viral genes from host specimens using methods such as virus isolation and culture, electron microscope morphological observation, virus antigen detection, and gene determination. Because the first two methods are difficult and require special equipment and professional technicians. Therefore, only antigen detection and RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR) can be used for clinical diagnosis.

2 Antibody detection HIV antibodies in serum are an indirect indicator of HIV infection. According to its main scope of application, existing HIV antibody detection methods can be divided into screening tests and confirmation tests.

3 Confirmation reagents The most commonly used confirmation of positive serum for screening experiments is Western blot (WB). Because this method has a relatively long window period, slightly less sensitivity, and high cost, it is only suitable for confirmation experiments. With the improvement of the sensitivity of the third and fourth generation HIV diagnostic reagents, WB has been unable to meet its requirements for confirmation experiments.
Another type of screening confirmation reagent approved by the FDA is-immunofluorescence-test (IFA). IFA is less expensive than WB, and the operation is relatively simple. The entire process can be completed in 1-1.5 hours. The main disadvantage of this method is that it requires expensive fluorescence detectors and experienced professionals to observe the evaluation results, and the experimental results cannot be stored for a long time. The FDA now recommends negative or positive IFA when publishing final results to donors whose WB cannot be determined, but not as blood eligibility criteria.

4 Screening test Screening test is mainly used to screen donors, so it requires simple operation, low cost, and sensitivity and specificity. At present, the main screening method in the world is still ELISA, and there are a few particle agglutination reagents and rapid ELISA reagents.
ELISA has high sensitivity and specificity, and is easy to operate. It only needs to be equipped with a microplate reader and a plate washer in the laboratory. It is especially suitable for large-scale screening in the laboratory.
Particle agglutination experiment is another simple, convenient and low-cost detection method. The results of this method can be judged by the naked eye, and the sensitivity is very high. It is especially suitable for developing countries or large numbers of donors. Poor sex.
The Dot-blot assay developed in the late 1980s is a rapid ELISA (Rapid ELISA) method. This method is extremely easy to operate and the process is short. The whole process is mostly within 5-10 minutes or even 3 minutes. It can be ended, but the method is much more expensive than ELISA and particle agglutination reagents.
Gold immunoassay is a solid-phase immunoassay using colloidal gold as a marker and a nitrocellulose membrane as a carrier. It is divided into two forms: diafiltration and chromatography. Gold test strips for HIV antibody specimens belong to gold immunochromatography, and most of them are indirect methods and double-antigen sandwich methods. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages, but they are simple and fast. You can draw conclusions within minutes No equipment is required, no special training is required for the operator, the reagents are stable, and it is suitable for single determination.