What is the fluorescent technique of hybridization in situ?

In situ fluorescence, the fluorescence hybridization, also known as fluorescence in situ hybridization, is more often referred to as fish. It is a technique that includes the use of a short DNA spring marked with fluorescent dye to detect genetic abnormalities. Fish allow researchers to visualize chromosomes, parts of chromosomes or specific genes quickly and accurately. This is often used to determine the prognosis and treatment of certain diseases, especially cancer. This may include chromosomal deleations, regrouping or translocations in which two chromosomes have switched the segments. Fish also allow investigators to visualize specific genes. It can determine whether there is a certain gene where it is located on chromosomes and whether more copies are present. This is called gene mapping.

The genetic composition of the person is contained in their DNA, which is found in the nuclei of all their cells. DNA Mádva springs that are complementary to each other. In other words, they have molecules called couples of basic pairs that exactly match. Genes aregments DNA, which have a specific sequence of pairs of bases and are located on specific areas of chromosomes. Genes are inherited and determine how cells work, but they can also mutate if the sequences of DNA pairs change.

Fluorescent technique In situ hybridization uses the advantages of the free nature of DNA chains. Investigators first created a probe. It is a short, the only source of DNA, which is a complement to the genetic sequence that the investigator is looking for. The probe is then marked or connected to a fluorescent dye.

Cells of sick tissue, such as tumor biopsy, usually form a sample to be examined by fish. The sample is heated to denature the DNA in the cells of the cells. This is the significant sources of the bottom in the samples are falling apart and creating individual strands. The specific fish probe is then hybridized with the sample. In other words, the only chain of the probe is introduced and connects with its free one PRAmen in denatured sample cells.

Using a special fluorescent microscope, the researcher looks at the sample. If a specific gene or chromosome is present in sample cells, it will appear as a fluorescent light against a darker background. Scientists can easily determine whether the gene is present or not, and if there are how many copies of the gene are in each cell. If the researcher is looking for the location of the gene, he can see where it is on the chromosome. Regular light microscope cannot be used with fish because the fluorescent dye emits a very low level of light.

The use of DNA hybridization with probes was first performed at the age of 60; However, the probes were marked with radioactive substances rather than fluorescesnt. This had several problems. Radioactive substances are inherently unstable, dangerous and require special disposal protocols. It takes a long time to measure the radioactive signal emitted by a hybridized probe. Most of these obstacles pGreek fluorescent technique of hybridization in situ.

If investigators know what gene they are looking for, fish are fast and accurate in search. Fish can also be done, although cells are not actively divided and provide more specific information about abnormalities in chromosomes. More conventional techniques, such as carotyping, simply tell investigators the number and size of chromosomes in the cell.

Fluorescent hybridization in situ has disadvantages. Since the key to the fish is to know the sequence of a pair of basic pairs and/or location of the gene, it cannot be used as a general screening tool. It is also more expensive than other, less specific techniques and may not be available in all laboratories non -illness.

Advantages and disadvantages of fluorescent hybridization in situ are best described by an example. Fish are commonly used in the diagnosis of breast cancer to determine whether the patient has a multiple copies of a gene called HER2. This usually suggests a more aggressive form of breast cancer and that the patient shouldwould receive certain medicines. Fish can be used to do this because the sequence of couples of bases and the chromosomal location of the HER2 gene is known. On the other hand, fish cannot be used to determine the unknown gene or genes caused breast cancer, or to generally reflect on breast cancer.