What are integrated circuits (ICS)?

Integrated circuit (IC), known as the silicone chip , computer chip or microchip , is a miniature electronic circuit drawn on the source of semicondurative material, usually silicone, but sometimes Sapphire. Due to their small measurements and incredible performance-modern integrated circuits, millions of transistors on boards of up to 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inches) of square and 1 millimeter (0.04 inches), which occur in virtually every modern device and devices, credit cards, computers and mobile phones and airlets. The integrated circuit is composed of various electronic components, namely transistors, resistors, diodes and capacitors that are organized and connected in a way that creates a specific effect. Each unit in this "team" of electronic components has a unique function in the integrated district. The transistor acts as a switch and determines the state of "ON" or "OFF"; The resistor controls the flow of electricity; LED allows the flow of ELEonly when a certain condition on the perimeter was met; Finally, the capacitor stores electricity before its release in a permanent explosion.

The first integrated circuit was proven in 1958 by Texas Instruments Jack Kilby. This prototype, measuring about 11.1 x 1.6 millimeters, consisted of a germanium lane and only one transistor. The arrival of silicon associated with the ever -shrinking size of integrated circuits and a rapid increase in the number of transistors per millimeter meant that integrated circuits have undergone massive proliferation and gave the age of modern calculations.

Since its foundation in the 1950s until today, the integrated circuit technology has known various ‘generoats, which are now commonly referred to as integration on a small scale (SSI), integration of middle scale (MSI), large -scale integration (LSI) and very extensive integration (VSLI). These progressive technicalThe icic generations describe an arc in the progress of IC design, which is an illustration of Intel Head, George Moore, who created "Moore's law" at the age of 60, which promoted that integrated districts in complexity in complexity.

This doubling in complexity is connected by a generation movement of technology, which has seen that dozens of SSI transistors increase to hundreds of MSI, then tens of thousands of LSI and eventually to millions of VSLI. Another boundary that integrated circuits promise violations is ULSI integration or ultra -large scale, which includes the deployment of billions of microscopic transistors and has already been announced by the Intel Codename Tukwila project, which is understood to employ over two billion transistors.

IF needed more evidence of the persistent truthfulness of Moore's dictation, we only need to look at a modern integrated circuit that is faster, smaller and ubiquitous than ever. Since 2008 the semiconductor industry has produced no morePs of 267 billion chips per year and are expected to increase to 330 billion by 2012.