What Is an Oral Vaccine?

Vaccination is the technology of inoculating vaccine preparations into humans or animals, so that recipients can obtain immunity against a specific or similar vaccine pathogen. The immune system identifies foreign objects and performs antibody screening and manufacturing. In order to produce antibodies against the pathogen or similar pathogens, the injection subject has stronger resistance to the disease.

Vaccination

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Vaccination is the technique of inoculating a vaccine preparation into a human or animal body, so that the recipient can obtain resistance to a specific or similar vaccine

The doctor gives you a vaccine to prevent illness, called a vaccination or a vaccination. The vaccine contains harmless germs or substances extracted from harmless germs, which can make the body have natural defenses against germs. After the injection, the body begins to produce antibodies that kill the germs as if they were invaded by the germs. The body also creates protective white blood cells that can resist certain types of infectious diseases. If you really encounter similar germs in the future, your body can immediately eliminate them.

The earliest known vaccination used today can be traced back to vaccination of human pox (English: variolation), a technique that originated in Chinese civilization 200 BC. The Qing Dynasty medical book believed that since the 11th century, the Chinese began to grow smallpox in the Northern Song Dynasty, while another medical book recorded that there was a "method of cultivating nasal vaccine in the nasal seedlings of the Zhao Family in Jiangnan" earlier than the Tang Dynasty, and "Each acne sufferer has eight or nine thousand people, and its rescuer has two or thirty ears." It shows that the technology is quite effective in preventing smallpox, and it is speculated that it may be using a less toxic smallpox, so that people who want to be immune to smallpox will be tested. The patient contacted the patient's pustular vesicles, but this method was not effective, and the risk was still high, with a mortality rate of 1-2%. The technique was then spread along the silk road. In the early 18th century, vaccination technology was introduced to the West from Constantinople. In 1760, Daniel Bernoulli succeeded in making the world discover that despite the dangers of vaccination technology, it can still extend life expectancy for three years.

The main purpose of vaccination is to enable the body to produce natural biological substances to enhance the organism's ability to identify and defend against pathogens. Sometimes similar pathogens can cause an immune response against the same type of pathogens. Therefore, a vaccine is mainly aimed at a Disease, or very similar pathogens, such as vaccinia prevention of smallpox is a good example. But beginning in the late 20th century, immunologists discovered that vaccines also have the possibility of treatment, and developed related research theories and practical uses.

Vaccines can also be used for active immunotherapy. This technology stimulates the immune system to make a large number of antibodies, or foreign corresponding antibodies, to jointly deal with the pathogens in patients who have been infected. The rabies vaccine uses this principle. The vaccine may also be used as a preventive vaccine. In recent years, research on cancer and AIDS has found that diseased cells and general cell surfaces have different marks, which may be suitable as targets for antibody attacks to treat patients. Vaccine types

1. Measles vaccine:

Measles vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, with a slight response to vaccination and good immunity lasting. Infants can be vaccinated regularly after birth to prevent measles.

[Inoculation site] Subcutaneous injection of the upper deltoid muscle attachment site.

[Dose] 0.2ml

[Reaction] Generally no local response after injection. Few people may have fever between 6 and 10 days, usually no more than 2 days, with occasional scattered rashes.

[Contraindications] People with severe illness, fever, or allergies (especially those with egg allergies) should not be vaccinated.

[Precautions] Disinfect skin with 75% alcohol and inject it after drying. Those who have been injected with gamma globulin should be vaccinated at least 6 weeks after the vaccine.

2. Polio vaccine ( referred to as polio sugar pill ) :

Polio sugar pills are an oral vaccine preparation, white granulated sugar pills, safe for vaccination. Taking sugar pills as planned after birth can effectively prevent polio (poliomyelitis).

[Vaccination site] orally.

[Dose] 1 capsule in pill form, 2 drops in liquid form

[Response] Only a few infants and young children suffer from transient diarrhea after taking polio vaccine, which can be cured by themselves.

[Contraindications] Immunodeficiency is contraindicated; it is contraindicated during immunosuppressive therapy. Those who are allergic to cow's milk and cow's milk products are not allowed to take sugar pill vaccine, but can take liquid vaccine.

[Precautions] This vaccine is for oral use only; it is a live vaccine. Do not take it in hot water or hot food. Occasionally, overdose and multiple doses are harmless to humans.

3 , Baibai Po preparations:

It is a mixture of pertussis vaccine, refined diphtheria toxoid and refined tetanus toxoid, which can prevent pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus at the same time.

[Inoculation site] Intramuscular injection of the upper 1/4 of the outer hip or the deltoid muscle of the upper arm.

[Dose] 0.5ml

[Reactions] Local swelling, pain, itching or low fever, fatigue and headache may occur. It usually subsides without special treatment. Occasionally allergic rash, angioedema. aseptic purulent. Most of the injections were too shallow or the vaccine was not shaken, and the induration could not be absorbed and the injection site became pus. If the systemic reaction is severe, you should go to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment in time.

[Contraindications] Patients with a history of epilepsy, neurological disorders and convulsions should be banned; patients with acute infectious diseases (including the recovery period) and fever should be temporarily deferred; children's immune preparations should not be used in adults.

[Precautions] Shake well before use. The product must not be frozen, and clots may appear after freezing. Do not use it. Intramuscular injection may cause local induration, which can be gradually absorbed. The other part should be replaced when the second needle is injected. 1: 1000 epinephrine is available for emergency use in the event of shock; patients who develop abnormalities such as high fever and convulsions after the first injection will not receive the second injection.

4. BCG vaccine:

Made of non-toxic bovine tuberculosis, safe and effective. Planned vaccination of babies after birth is a reliable measure to prevent TB.

BCG is an attenuated live bacteria vaccine designed to prevent tuberculosis. Generally, in countries with many cases of tuberculosis, it is advisable that newborns be vaccinated against BCG when they are not infected, in order to develop resistance to tuberculosis.

[Inoculation site] The middle of the lateral deltoid muscle of the upper arm is injected intradermally.

[Dose] 0.1ml

[Reaction] About 2 weeks after inoculation, redness and swelling may occur locally. If the pus subsequently develops and forms a small ulcer, it can be smeared with 1% gentian to prevent infection. Crusting usually occurs after 8-12 weeks, which is a normal response. In case of lymphadenopathy, you can use hot compress. If the pustules have softened, use a sterilized syringe to draw the pus without cutting. If one pus is not healed, the pus can be repeated until it heals. If it has been ulcerated, the healing time is longer, and the wound drainage can be enlarged. At the same time, external application of isocarrazil or p-aminosalicylic acid ointment, and changing dressing every 2 to 3 days, can shorten the treatment and healing time.

[Contraindications] Those who suffer from tuberculosis, acute infectious disease, nephritis, heart disease, eczema, immunodeficiency or other skin diseases will not be vaccinated.

[Precautions] Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is strictly prohibited; BCG vaccine cannot be inoculated on the same arm within 4 weeks after inoculation with the product containing the adsorbent, and other vaccines cannot be immunized on the same arm within 4 weeks after inoculation with BCG vaccine.

When is it not appropriate to inoculate BCG?

1. Have a high fever.

2. People with severe acute symptoms and immune dysfunction.

3. Born with other serious congenital diseases.

4. The newborn weighs less than 2500 grams.

5. Suspicious tuberculosis patients, do not directly inoculate BCG vaccine, you should take tuberculin test first.

6. Severe eczema.

Reaction after BCG vaccination

1. There is a red bar at the inoculation site 7 to 14 days after the inoculation, and there is a slight pain and itching.

2. 4-6 weeks after vaccination can become pustules or ulcers.

3. The ulcers heal naturally after 2 to 3 months after inoculation, and sometimes the lymph glands on the ipsilateral axillary swells.

Precautions

The pustules or ulcers formed by the small red nodes cannot be squeezed or bandaged, as long as they are kept clean.

If the vaccination site is severely swollen and infected, consult a doctor.

5. JE vaccine:

The Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine prepared by infecting hamster kidney cells with epidemic encephalitis virus and lyophilizing the virus solution after incubation.

1. JE inactivated vaccine

[Inoculation site] Subcutaneous injection of the upper deltoid muscle attachment site.

[Dose] 0.5ml

[Reactions] Most people do not respond to vaccination. Only a few children have local swelling and pain after injection, which subsides within 1 to 2 days. Few have fever, generally below 38 ° C. A few have symptoms such as dizziness, headache, and discomfort. Occasionally, the incidence of rash, angioedema and anaphylactic shock increased with the number of vaccination. It usually occurs 10 to 30 minutes after injection, and rarely exceeds 24 hours. This type of vaccination response is more common in repeated injections, especially in children over 7 years of age.

[Contraindications] Fever and acute diseases; severe chronic diseases; brain and nervous system diseases; allergic diseases, those with previous allergies to antibiotics and vaccines.

[Precautions] Do not use the vaccine if it is cloudy, discolored (yellowed), cracked in ampoules, or foreign bodies. Take a rest at the scene after the vaccine injection to prevent side reactions. 1: 1000 adrenaline should be prepared for occasional shock. It is used for first aid; people over 10 years of age have generally acquired immunity due to recessive infections, so no further vaccination is necessary.

2. Live attenuated JE vaccine

[Inoculation site] Subcutaneous injection of the upper deltoid muscle attachment site.

[Dose] 0.5ml

[Reactions] Generally, there is no response after injection. A few people have local redness and swelling, with occasional fever and allergic rash.

[Contraindications] Fever; acute infectious diseases; otitis media; heart, kidney and liver diseases; active tuberculosis; people with a history of allergies or convulsions; those with known immune system defects who have recently or are undergoing immunosuppressive treatment.

[Precautions] Do not allow disinfectant to come into contact with the vaccine when opening the ampoule and injection; there will be a clot that does not disperse after the vaccine is dissolved, the ampoule is cracked, and it cannot be used; it will discolor (red) before the vaccine is dissolved and cannot be used.

A vaccine can be made by chemical synthesis, using specific proteins as a guide, to create subtle changes in the form that can react with lymphocytes to affect the production of antibodies; but it can also be made directly through organisms The product, which starts with a living pathogen and reproduces it under a special environment controlled by experiments, or uses a dead pathogen as an inducement, can only stimulate lymphocytes without harming other cells. Although live vaccines are generally considered effective, they are relatively difficult to preserve. Because it involves genetic engineering and raises research ethics issues, currently chemically synthesized vaccines are relatively rare.

Content excerpt from Kang Q net

The principle of vaccination is to stimulate the body by inoculating the antigen, so that the baby produces specific antibodies to deal with bacteria and viruses. However, sometimes there are some special conditions in the baby's body that are not suitable for vaccination. We call this situation a "contraindication". The contraindications vary with the antigens contained in each vaccine.

Contraindications are generally divided into two categories, one is temporary contraindications and the other is absolute contraindications. Premature babies, dystocia babies, children with fever or acute illness with general diseases are "temporary contraindications". These babies can be replanted after the illness has recovered. However, if your baby has an immune deficiency or a severe allergic constitution, it is an "absolute contraindication". Vaccination may cause abnormal reactions and even endanger life, so it is absolutely not allowed to be vaccinated.

(1) BCG contraindications: Premature babies, babies with low birth weight (birth weight less than 2500 g), and babies who have difficulty giving birth should be planted with caution. Babies who are experiencing fever, diarrhea, or severe skin disease should be slow to grow. Tuberculosis, acute infectious diseases, heart and kidney disorders, and immune-compromised babies are banned from breeding.

(2) Polio trivalent mixed vaccine contraindications: Babies who had diarrhea a week before taking vaccines, or those who had diarrhea more than 4 times a day, babies with fever or acute illness should be deferred. For babies with immunodeficiency, babies who are using immunosuppressants (such as hormones) are disabled. Babies who are allergic to milk can take liquid vaccines.

(3) Taboo vaccine is contraindicated: babies with fever, acute disease or acute episode of chronic disease should be slowly planted. Central nervous system diseases (such as epilepsy), babies with a history of convulsions, babies with severe allergies are not allowed.

(4) Contraindications to measles vaccine: Babies who have had measles do not need to be vaccinated. Babies who are feverish or have active tuberculosis, babies with a history of allergies (especially allergies to eggs) are not allowed. Babies injected with gamma globulin should not be vaccinated until one month apart.

(5) Contraindications of Japanese encephalitis vaccine: Babies with fever, acute disease or acute attack of chronic disease should be slow-breeding. For babies with brain or nervous system disorders, allergies are prohibited.

(6) Epidemic encephalomyelitis vaccine contraindications: babies with brain and nervous system disorders (epilepsy, hysteria, encephalitis sequelae, convulsions, etc.), allergies, severe heart and kidney disease, and active tuberculosis are not allowed. Babies with fever and acute illness can be slowly planted.

(7) Hepatitis B vaccine contraindications: Hepatitis, fever, acute infection, chronic severe disease, and allergies are prohibited.

(8) Hepatitis A vaccine contraindications: Babies with fever, acute disease or chronic disease should be slow to plant. Immune deficiency, babies who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy, babies with allergies are disabled.

Some parents know that their babies have contraindications to vaccination, but they are still lucky. They do not tell the medical staff before vaccination, so vaccination is very dangerous. For example, a user in the Kang Q website previously vaccinated the baby with hepatitis B vaccine when the baby was feverish, which eventually caused the baby to have serious organ deformities. Therefore, I hope parents should be careful about the issue of baby vaccination Be careful, in case the right baby is 100% lost, you wo nt be able to regret it.

Although the vaccine is inactivated or attenuated, after all, it is a protein or other antigenic substance, which is still caused by a certain stimulating effect on the human body. In fact, this is also a kind of self-protection of the human body, just like a cold and fever, the body is against bacteria or viruses.

Normal response

Local reactions such as mild swelling and pain. After the vaccination of diabetic vaccination, the induration on the baby's buttocks is a common phenomenon after the inoculation of the adsorbent preparation. After the vaccination, the systemic reaction has fever and general discomfort. Generally, the fever is below 38.5 for 1 to 2 days, which is a normal reaction. Normal reactions, whether local or systemic, generally do not require special treatment. Feed more water and pay more attention to rest. If your baby has a high fever, you can take antipyretics. You can do physical cooling, eat nutritious and digestible foods, feed more water, and pay attention to changes in your child's condition.

Abnormal reaction

Local infection, sterile abscess; dizziness, rickets; rash, angioedema, anaphylactic shock, etc. In case of dizziness or anaphylactic shock, the baby should immediately lie flat with his head down, warm water or sugar water taken orally; at the same time, ask a doctor for emergency symptomatic treatment. If a rash appears, you can apply desensitization to your baby under the guidance of your doctor. The occurrence of anaphylactic shock is generally manifested in a short period of time after the vaccination of the baby looking pale, cold limbs, cold sweats, difficulty breathing, and even unconsciousness, convulsions and so on. At this time, the general doctor will immediately give the baby subcutaneous injection of epinephrine, while giving hormones and desensitizing drugs to observe and treat.

Adverse reactions and treatment measures

After vaccination, babies are prone to adverse reactions including diarrhea, rash, and fever.

No special treatment is required for minor diarrhea. Just pay attention to add more water to the baby, change diapers in time, ensure adequate rest, and recover in two or three days. If your baby has severe diarrhea and does not show improvement for more than 3 days, take your baby to the hospital in time.

Some babies will have elevated body temperature 6 to 24 hours after inoculation with inactivated vaccine. Most of them are below 37.5 . Only a few vaccines such as diazepam vaccine can cause fever of about 38.5 , which usually lasts 1 2 days, rarely more than 3 days. Fever response after vaccination with live attenuated vaccines such as measles vaccine, leprosy gill vaccine, chicken pox vaccine, etc. is caused by mild infection of the vaccine virus, and the fever response is relatively late. Generally, a brief fever begins within 5 to 7 days . This fever disappears quickly, and fever can be reduced in 1 to 2 days. Different vaccines have different rates of febrile reactions after vaccination. Mild fever generally does not need to be treated. As long as you strengthen observation, take appropriate rest, drink plenty of water, and keep warm to prevent secondary infections. Those with higher body temperature should go to the hospital for symptomatic treatment and rehydration if necessary.

Among rashes that occur for no other reason after vaccination, urticaria is the most common and usually occurs within hours or days after vaccination. Special rashes, such as measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, and rubella vaccine, appear sparsely within 5 to 7 days after vaccination, and usually resolve within 7 to 10 days. The measles vaccine causes a mild rash. It is common to have pimples, blisters, or herpes in the 12 to 21 days after varicella vaccination. Generally, it is not many, about 10 or less, and it will not scab. All can be cured after treatment, and the prognosis is good.