In Anatomy, What Is a Commissure?

Anatomy is a branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living organisms and can be divided into animal anatomy and plant anatomy. The main branches of anatomy are comparative anatomy, histology, and human anatomy.

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Anatomy is involved

Innovation in Anatomy Anatomy is one of the basic disciplines of medicine. To find out the cause and effective treatment, we must first understand and be familiar with the structure of normal human body. Anatomy is to understand

Early Anatomy

The development of human anatomy, like other natural sciences, was developed through the continuous exploration, practice, and accumulation of knowledge by predecessors in the long historical process. The knowledge of anatomy can be found in some books in ancient China, India and Egypt, and this knowledge was only obtained through accidental observation during sacrifices, hunting and slaughtering and war wounds. At that time, the main motivation for collecting knowledge about the structure of the human body was for the purpose of researching and treating human diseases, and then it developed into a specialized discipline. ^[5]

Anatomy of Early China

China has a long history of culture. The earliest medical work "Huang Di Nei Jing" in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (200-300 BC) has recorded the human body shape. The Qin and Han dynasties, such as "Han Shu Wang Mang Chuan", recorded death row The body was dissected and recorded. Not only was Hua Ming, a famous doctor in the Three Kingdoms period, not only good at medicine, but also had a deeper understanding of the human body structure. He was able to perform surgery with anesthetics. Acupuncture in the Jin Dynasty developed greatly. There are many visceral weights and records in Wang Shuhe's Mai Jing and Huang Fu's Jia Yi Jing. The only bronzer in the Song Dynasty was the founder of the human body model. Song Ci written by Song Ci in the Song Dynasty, with a detailed record of human bones and embryos, with a bone examination

Anatomy (composition and distribution pattern of spinal nerves)

. In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Qingren authored a book entitled "Remedy Errors in Medical Forests", which corrected errors in ancient medical books, especially the internal organs. However, due to the long-term feudal social system and Confucianism, the study of anatomy has not been developed rapidly. Human anatomy has lagged far behind Europe and the United States in modern times. In 1930, China published an earlier anatomy map.

Anatomy Late China

From the late Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty, the scale of human sacrifices and sacrifices gradually decreased, especially after the reform of the Zhou Dynasty. Everyone who sacrificed human sacrifices during the Spring and Autumn Period was condemned, and even figurines were criticized. It's nothing behind. " In addition, the phenomenon of corpses is not tolerated by the society, and it is the government's responsibility to bury the undead bodies. In this case, the chance of large-scale dissection of the corpse is greatly reduced. In the feudal society after the Warring States Period, in addition to the occasional competent anatomical corpses, others dared to be severely punished and even executed by Ling Chi. In this case, large-scale dissection of the body is almost impossible. The anatomical insights in "Medical Forest Correction" written by Wang Qingren, a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty, all originated from observing the deserted corpses eaten by wild dogs. If a wild dog bites, you can see it. changed. A similar situation exists in the history of Western medicine. Maybe this is the sorrow of medicine, or the progress of society? It's really hard to say a sentence!

Anatomy West

The true record of anatomy in Western medicine began with the ancient Greek doctor Hippocrates (460-377 BC). He made a correct account of the skull, but confused the nerves and tendons. Another Greek scholar, Aristotle (384-322 BC), was the founder of zoology. He distinguished nerves from tendons and pointed out that the heart is the center of blood circulation, and blood flows from the heart into the blood vessels. But he applied the results of animal dissection to the human body. Galenus (130-200) was a well-known doctor and anatomy in ancient Rome. He wrote many books on medicine and anatomy, pointing out that blood stored in blood vessels, not air, found that spinal nerves were distributed by area.

Da Vinci Human Anatomy Illustration

But the material he studied was limited to animals. In the era when all religions were ruled by the Middle Ages, it was absolutely forbidden to dissect human bodies, so that some anatomical misconceptions lasted for more than a thousand years. After the 15th century Renaissance, a new era of independent research and creation began in science and academia, and human anatomy has also developed tremendously.

Leonardo da Vinci (1510), known as a scientist and artist, also dissected the body and left a sketch of the human body after dissection. The most representative figure of this period was the Belgian doctor Vesari. (A. Vesalius, 1514-1564), he was the founder of modern anatomy, published the great work "The Structure of the Human Body" in 1543, and founded and laid the foundation of human anatomy.

In the 17th century, Harvey (1578-1657) discovered the principle of blood circulation. M. Malpighi (1628-1694) proved the communication between arteries and veins, and further studied the fine structure of animals and plants. 19th Century Darwin (C. Darwin, 1809-1882) 's "Origin of Species" and "Selection of Human Origin and Sex" provide a theoretical basis for exploring the development of human morphology. Zagorski (1764-1846) put forward the view that function determines organ morphology. They have made outstanding contributions to the development of anatomy.

Anatomy modern

Entering the twentieth century, the development of medicine has promoted the deepening of anatomical research. With the development of various visceral surgeries such as thoracic surgery and liver surgery, new requirements have been put forward for the morphological research of blood vessels and pipes in organs; The application of computer-assisted computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound tomography has also put forward new requirements on sectional anatomy; with the improvement of vascular suture surgery, the development of microsurgery, it is obvious Establishment of microsurgical anatomy. Human anatomy is constantly developing, especially in recent decades, the development of new theories and technologies such as physics and biochemistry, the conduct of multidisciplinary comprehensive research, and the establishment and development of marginal disciplines such as biomechanics. Morphological research such as science also has a tendency to lead to comprehensive subjects. The situation of pure morphological research is changing. Some emerging technologies such as tracking technology, immunohistochemistry technology, cell culture technology and in situ molecular hybridization technology, etc. Widely used in morphological research, this ancient discipline evokes the splendor of youth, especially the rapid development of neuroanatomy.

Introduction to Global Development of Anatomy

Everyone knows that medicine developed during the Yin and Shang era, and there are many diseases recorded in Oracle. At that time, the wind of human sacrifice and sacrifice prevailed, and the foundations, funerals, sacrifices and killings were more than 2,000 at a time, and beheading, amputation, and laparotomy ... were extremely cruel methods, and the remains of the martyrs were mostly randomly disposed, and there were almost no slaves Social status is no different from livestock. In this case, the anatomical study of these corpses will not have any resistance to public opinion, and even the possibility of living anatomy is not ruled out. The data in "Lingshu. Gastroenterology" is likely to be obtained this way.