What Is the Meaning of Extra-Articular?

The connection between bones is called bone connection. Bone connection is divided into direct connection and indirect connection, and joint is a form of indirect connection.

The connection between bones is called bone connection. Bone connection is divided into direct connection and indirect connection, and joint is a form of indirect connection.

Chinese name

joint

Foreign name

joint

Pinyin

gun jié

Zhuyin

KUAN somebody. '

Word meaning

Connection points between bone pieces of human skeleton

Make up

Joint capsule, articular surface, joint cavity

Joint anatomy

It is generally composed of articular surface, joint capsule and joint cavity. The articular surface is the contact surface of more than two adjacent bones. One is slightly convex, called the joint head, and the other is slightly concave, called the joint socket. The articular surface is covered with a layer of smooth cartilage, which can reduce friction during exercise. The cartilage is elastic and can also reduce vibration and impact during exercise. The joint capsule is a very strong form of connective tissue that firmly connects adjacent bones. The outer layer of the joint capsule is a fibrous layer, and the inner layer is a synovial layer. The synovial layer can secrete synovial fluid and reduce friction during exercise. The articular cavity is a narrow space surrounded by articular cartilage and articular capsule, and normally contains only a small amount of synovial fluid.

Joint Auxiliary Structure

Some joints also have some auxiliary structures: for example, the ligament is a connective tissue bundle connecting the bone and becomes a thickened part of the joint capsule, which can strengthen the stability of the bone connection; the joint disc or joint meniscus is located on the two joint surfaces The fibrous cartilage between the two can adapt the shape of the articular surfaces of the two bones to each other, reduce the impact during exercise, and facilitate the movement of the joint. Under the traction of muscles, joints can perform various sports. The forms of motion are: flexion is the reduction of the angle between the two bones, and extension is the increase of the angle; adduction is the movement of the limbs toward the median sagittal plane, and abduction is the departure from the median sagittal plane; (Vertical axis) Rotation, if the front of the limb turns to the inside, the front of the limb turns to the outside; the compound movement of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction is the circle, and the proximal end of the bone is in situ Rotate, the distal end makes circular motion, and the whole bone motion surface is conical.

Joint classification

According to the nature and activity of the connected tissue, joints can be divided into three categories: fixed joints, semi-joints, and movable joints. Fixed joint: The two bones are connected by connective tissue without any gap in the middle, which is also called no-cavity connection. Such as the ligament union between the forearm bone and the calf bone, the cartilage bond between the vertebrae and the osseous bond between the ischium, pubic bone and sacrum. Articular joints: There is a lacunar joint in the connecting tissue between adjacent bones, also called a lacunar joint, usually called a joint. Most human bones belong to this type, with a total of more than 200, such as shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle joints. They are the pivots (ie fulcrum or pivot) of bone rotation. hemi-joint: it is a transitional connection between the moving joint and the fixed joint. Its characteristic is that the two bones are directly connected by cartilage tissue, there is a crack-like cavity in the cartilage, and the range of movement is small, such as the pubic symphysis.

Joint protection

1. Old people should know that their joints are not as flexible and tough as young people. When doing sports or doing housework, don't make things difficult, such as not carrying heavy items and not climbing high to get high things. Minimize bending, climbing, and squatting to minimize the risk of joint damage.

2. Avoid doing one action for a certain joint for a long time, such as standing for a long time, bending the knees, and sitting in front of the TV or computer. Damage to joints. Always change the sitting position and the position of your feet, stretch the lower limbs, or move up. You should avoid flexing your fingers for a long time, such as writing, knitting, typing, repairing, etc. This can protect your finger joints.

3. Whether you sleep, walk, or sit down, you must maintain the correct posture, and never do more than the joints can bear, such as breaking the walnut shell, do not bite or pinch, so as not to damage the teeth or finger joints.

4. If there is pain in the joints, do not force yourself to go out and check whether the recent activity method, time or amount is improper.

5. When moving or carrying heavy objects, try to make use of large and powerful joints. For example, when carrying heavy objects, try not to use fingers and use arms and elbow joints. When you need to support, do not use your fingers alone, but use your palm to support. The small joints of the limbs, such as the finger joints, are generally fragile, the ligaments are weak, and they are easily damaged and deformed if used improperly.

6. Professor Li Kanghua pointed out that in the future process of osteoarthritis treatment, the patients and doctors' views should be changed first, that is, the preferred treatment method for osteoarthritis is not drugs, but the correct way of life care. Non-drug treatment is the most basic treatment for osteoarthritis. If people pay attention to relevant health education, it has a good effect on reducing pain, reducing the number of doctor visits, improving quality of life, and maintaining joint function. Drugs are not the best. The treatment method is to change the patient's own bad living habits, carry out appropriate physical exercise, physical therapy, reduce weight, strengthen muscle strength, help reduce the patient's symptoms, delay joint degeneration, and appear during rest or daily activities The use of anti-inflammatory analgesics for pain can help reduce pain and improve the quality of life of patients.