What are the Paneth cells?

Paneth cells are specialized cells found in the intestinal tract mucosa, especially in microscopic structures called glands or crypts Lieberkühn. They contain several important substances in their cytoplasm, including enzymes, minerals and granules. The granules are located at the top of the cells and look large, refractive and reddish or eosinophilic. In gastroenterology, Paneth cells play an important role in creating immune responses against bacteria that are introduced by the oral way. These epithelial cells are essential while maintaining intestinal functions. Microscopic studies of the intestinal mucosa have shown that the cells of the cells are located adjacent to these stem cells, showing that the first play a decisive role in the restoration of epithelial cells and maintaining the integrity of the intestine.

Paneth cells protect stem cells by eliminating defensive molecules called cryptidins or alpha-defensins. These are proteins that can interact with the phospholipid membrane of the bacteria, leading to the formation of pores. PoresThey lead to spilling important ions and other substances from the bacterial cell into the external environment, which eventually leads to the death of bacteria. The unique characteristics of alpha-defensins released by Paneth cells are that they have positively charged peptide chains that preferably bind to a highly negatively charged cell membrane of bacterial cells. As a result, alpha-defensins damage bacterial cells, but save human cells adjacent to panet cells.

In addition to defensins, the Paneth cells also release strong enzymes of lysozy and phospholipase A2 (PL2). Pla2 catalyzes the distribution of phospholipid membranes through a repository of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. Lysozym catalyzes hydrolysis of peptidoglycan chains. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, but gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to lysozy's effect because their cell walls have a higher amount of peptidoglycan.

Stimulation of Secretion of Paneth's Ceeth is up toBena contact with gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial products such as lipid A, lipopolysaccharide and muramylpeptide also induce secretion of antimicrobial substances with panet with cells. Research has shown that a molecule called the myeloid differentiation primary response protein-88-dependent toll receptor (MyD88-Dependent TLR) must be activated to cause the antimicrobial effect of the paeth cells. Although the secretions of these cells are known for their antibacterial properties, they are also effective against some mushrooms and feared viruses.