What Are Testes?

A part of the male reproductive organ that produces sperm. Also called testis. Human testes are also called external kidneys.

A part of the male reproductive organ that produces sperm. Also called testis. Human testes are also called external kidneys.

Chinese name

testis

Foreign name

testicle, Latin: testis

Pulse

Testicular artery

Static pulse

Testicular veins

Scripture

Spermatic cord

Lymph

Lumbar node

Testis I. Clinical related diseases:

Testicular orchitis:

1 Introduction:

Orchitis is an inflammatory lesion characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells in the testis and seminiferous tubule damage.

2. Causes:

Orchitis is usually caused by bacteria and viruses. Bacterial infections rarely occur in the testes themselves. This is because the testes have a rich supply of blood and lymph fluid and are more resistant to bacterial infections. Bacterial orchitis is mostly caused by inflammation of adjacent epididymis, so it is also called epididymis-orchitis. Common pathogenic bacteria are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli and so on. The virus can directly invade the testes, the most common being mumps virus, the pathogen itself mainly invades children's parotid glands. However, this virus also invades the testicles, so it is often prone to viral orchitis soon after the onset of mumps. In addition, experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) is a reproductive immunological disease with chronic testicular inflammation as the main pathological change.

3. Clinical manifestations:

Orchitis is mainly manifested as damage to the seminiferous tubules and the infiltration of white blood cells around the seminiferous tubules and a significant decrease in the number of sperm, resulting in dead spermatozoa and sperm, thereby losing fertility. In addition, factors such as anti-sperm antibodies produced in orchitis, insufficient blood supply, and activated inflammatory cells can induce the destruction of the blood-testis barrier and affect the differentiation activity of spermatogenic cells, which can cause sperm disorders and directly cause male insufficiency. Education.

4. Imaging inspection:

The testicular inflammatory lesions are mainly testes and subacute inflammation of the sheath. The ultrasound manifestations are mainly echo reduction, diffuse testicular enlargement, and ultrasound findings similar to diffuse testicular tumors. The echo is relatively uniform. Color Doppler examination results of blood flow The signal may be increased or there may be no significant blood flow signal.

Testicular testicular tumors:

1 Introduction:

In all male tumor diseases, testicular tumors account for 1% to 2%. Although the incidence of testicular tumors is not high, most tumors are malignant.

2. Causes:

Clinical studies have found that the occurrence of testicular tumors is related to factors such as polymammosis, hormones, and heredity.

3. Imaging inspection:

(1) Testicular seminoma:

The ultrasound manifestations mainly include a significant increase in testicular volume, clear contours of the lesion edges, more uneven low-echo clumps, and clearer boundaries. A few lesions have point-like strong echoes and small pieces of echoless areas. The results of color Doppler examination showed that there were abundant blood flow signals in the lesions, and scattered blood flow signals were scattered in some small lesions.

(2) Non-seminoma of the testis:

Mixed germ cell tumors, teratomas, embryonic sinus tumors, and embryonic carcinomas are all non-spermatogonial tumors. The ultrasound manifestations of mixed germ cell tumors are mainly multi-echoic, with mixed structures, disordered structures, point-like strong echoes, irregular liquid dark areas, blurred borders, and color Doppler examination results. There is abundant blood flow in the mass. signal. The ultrasound realization of testicular teratoma is mainly mixed cystic echo masses, and some of the masses have strong echoes. Color Doppler examination results show that there are spot-like blood flow signals in the substantial part of the masses. The ultrasound manifestations of endodermal sinus tumors are mainly hypoechoic masses with blurred borders and multiple clusters of strong echoes may be present. Color Doppler examination revealed that the blood flow signals in the masses were abundant. The ultrasound manifestations of embryonic carcinoma are mainly hypoechoic masses with blurred borders and uneven internal echoes. The results of color Doppler examination showed that the blood flow signal in the mass was slightly rich.

(3) Non-germ cell tumors:

Stromal cell tumors, myxoid cystadenomas with focal carcinogenesis, and hamartomas are all non-germ cell tumors. Stromal cell tumors have two types of ultrasound: hypoechoic and hyperechoic. Malignant stromal tumors often exceed 5 cm. They often have invasive marginal necrosis and are rich in blood flow signals. Myxoid cystadenomas with focal cancerous changes are mainly manifested by a significant increase in testicles, with a small amount of normal testicular tissue. Mixed echoes are mainly cystic, with honeycomb changes, and spotted blood flow signals in some masses. Haunting tumors are mainly characterized by coarse calcifications followed by sonography.

(4) Secondary testicular tumors:

Testicular lymphoma is the most common type of secondary testicular tumor in the clinic. Older men are the main population of the disease. Patients mainly seek medical treatment because of testicular tumors. Ultrasound manifestations are mainly diffuse and mass-type low echo. Compared with mass-type, diffuse-type is more common; the interior of the mass is heterogeneous echo, and color Doppler examination results show that blood flow signals are richer.

(5) Testicular epidermoid cyst:

Testicular epidermoid cysts are characteristic of ultrasound. The hypoechoic and hyperechoic phases are alternate, showing onion-like changes, the boundaries are clear, and may be point-like strong echoes. Some lesions do not have onion-like changes, are hypoechoic, have clear boundaries, and are unevenly distributed. Color Doppler examination revealed no significant blood flow signal within the lesion.