How do rubies and sapphires synthesized?

rubies and sapphires are various varieties of mineral corundum, also known as aluminum oxide. Aluminum oxide is extremely common and accounts for more than 15% of the Earth's crust, but it is usually unclean and appears as an opaque rock. When Corundum is very clean, it is transparent and is considered a gem. Red crowns are called rubies, while all other colors (most often blue) are called sapphire. Kords are partly valued because of their extreme hardness - the only naturally occurring mineral is a diamond. Ruby can scratch practically anything other than a diamond. In 1847, Edelman synthesized the white sapphire by combining aluminum oxide in borite acid. In 1877 Frenic and Freil synthesized crown crystals, of which small stones were cut. Until 1903, however, Frima and Auguste Verneuil introduced the Verneuil process, also called Flame Fusion, for mass production of Ruby and Sapphire. The Verneuil process allows you to create rubies much larger and flawless than the mo moHLA Nature to produce.

The basic principle of the Verneuil process is to melt the highly cleaned powder (> 99.9995%) oxide oxyhydrogenic flame 2000 ° C (3600 ° F), causing the droplets slowly grow to the Bulk (cylindrical crystals). The average commercial bull made of this process has a diameter of 13 mm (0.5 inches), 25 to 50 mm long (1 to 2 inches), weighing about 125 carats (25 g). It sells anywhere between $ 1 US dollar (USD) and $ 200 per carat. Several conditions must be met for the Verneuil process to keep smoothly: the flame temperature cannot be much more than the minimum fusion temperature area between the bulge and its base must be as small as possible and always maintain the molten product in the same part of the oxydrogenic flame.