What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology (nanotechnology) is the science and technology of making materials with single atoms and molecules, studying the properties and applications of materials with structure sizes in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers ^[1] .

Nanotechnology (also known as nanotechnology)

Nanotechnology is a highly interdisciplinary comprehensive subject, and its research content covers a wide range of modern science and technology. Nanoscience and technology includes:

Nanosystem physics,

Nanotechnology inspired by the late physicist

Like biotechnology, nanotechnology also has many environmental and safety issues (such as whether the small size avoids the natural defense system of the organism, and whether it can biodegrade, what are the toxic side effects, etc.).

Advanced nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, is used to describe nanoengineering systems (nanomachines) at the molecular scale. Numerous examples have shown that billions of years of evolution can produce complex, randomly optimized biological machines ^[8] . In the nanometer field, we hope to use biomimetic methods to find shortcuts for manufacturing nanomachines. However, K Eric Drexler and other researchers proposed that although advanced nanotechnology will initially use bionics aids, it may eventually be based on the principles of mechanical engineering.

Nanotechnology USA

The National Science Board approved the National Science Board Approves Award for a National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN) at the end of 2003. 13 universities in the United States will jointly construct and support the National Nanotechnology Technology and education network system. The five-year plan, which began in January 2004, will provide holistic nationwide skills to support research and education in science engineering and technology at the nanoscale. It is estimated that at least 70 billion US dollars in research funding will be invested in 5 years. The goal of the program is not only to provide top laboratory instruments and equipment for American researchers, but also to train a group of researchers specializing in the most advanced nanotechnology.

1.US develops latest nano cell manufacturing technology

Nanotechnology can produce objects with particles smaller than the size of human blood vessels. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has pointed out that a method has been developed to produce consistent and self-assembly Nanocells for use in packaging compression Drug treatment work. This technology can currently be applied to the packaging technology of drugs, which can more accurately ensure the amount of drugs. In the future, it will be used in cancer chemotherapy related technologies for further research.

The nanometer plan was the main axis of the research and development budget of the Federal Inter-Ministerial Council in 2005, reaching $ 980 million.

2. Progress of DNA detection chips

In January 2004, HP of the United States officially announced its nanoscale chip for rapid DNA testing. In 2004, the DNA detection method was based on the optical DNA-based microarrays. The HP team changed the complicated steps to the circuit chip for processing. The sensing element is a nanowire with a thickness of about 50 nanometers made by electron-beam lithography and reactive-ion etching. However, in terms of commercial considerations, the results are too high, so the research team is developing a technology that uses cheaper optical lithography to make DNA detection chip components.

3. Research on improvement of groundwater pollution

Groundwater pollution is a major issue that is widely discussed in modern times. In modern times, the United States has published a nanoparticle technology in which the core is an iron core and the outside is covered with a multilayer polymer. The inner layer is coated with poly methl methacrylate (PMMA), which has excellent water resistance, and the outer layer is coated with hydrophilic sulphonated polystyrene. Because the hydrophilic outer layer dissolves the nanoparticles, the inner water-repellent layer can attract trichloroethylene, a source of pollution. The iron core in the nanoparticles causes trichloroethylene to split, which in turn causes this pollution source to gradually split into non-toxic substances.

4.Start cancer nanotechnology program

In order to widely combine nanotechnology, cancer research and molecular biomedicine, the National Cancer Center (NCI) has proposed the Cancer Nanotechnology Plan. Cross-cutting work in three areas. The plan sets out six challenges:

Cancer prevention and control: development of nano-scale devices capable of delivering anti-cancer drugs and multiple anti-cancer vaccines.

Early detection and proteomics: develop implantable devices for early detection of cancer biomarkers, and develop platform-based devices that can collect large numbers of biomarkers for extensive analysis.

Imaging diagnosis: the development of imaging devices that can increase the resolution to identify individual cancer cells, and nanodevices that distinguish cells from different tissue sources within a tumor.

Multi-functional treatment equipment: Develop nano-devices with both diagnosis and treatment.

Cancer care and quality of life improvement: Develop and improve the symptoms of pain, depression, nausea, etc. caused by chronic cancer, and provide ideal drug delivery devices.

Interdisciplinary training: Train a new generation of researchers familiar with cancer biology and nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology EU

1.EU's International Nanoscience Research Policy

Europe is the earliest region in the world to start nanoscience research. However, at the time, there was no central coordination and planning by the European Union. Therefore, researchers lacked financial assistance and related management support at the beginning of the research. At the same time, they faced the problem of patent acquisition, leading researchers. Encountered many obstacles. In May 2004, the European Commission (European Commission; EC) issued a series of special projects on nanotechnology to the European region and the international community to declare Europe's determination to improve the competitiveness of nanotechnology.

The EU divides its plan into five main regions: research and development (R & D), infrastructure, education and training, innovation, and social dimension.

According to estimates, if the EU plan can go forward with http://baike.baidu.com/edit/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/144920, By 2010, it is expected to generate tens of billions of euros in economic revenue for Europe. The European Parliament also emphasizes raising public awareness of nanotechnology, which is also part of the overall nano development plan. In addition, public health, safety, environmental issues and consumer protection are also included in this issue. At present, nanoscience and nanotechnology still belong to the emerging field of R & D, and the objects that must be solved and researched are in the atomic and molecular hierarchy. The application of nanoscience in the next few years is the focus of attention, and it will have a significant impact on all technologies. In the future, the research and development of nanotechnology will also have major changes in the fields of human health, food, environmental protection research, information science, safety, emerging materials science and energy storage. In the sixth phase of the European Union s framework program (FP6) from 2004 to 2006, the research and development of nanotechnology and emerging materials was about 1.3 billion euros. The European Parliament also intends to increase funding and extend the research period (from 2007 to 2007). year 2013). At the same time, in order to consolidate and strengthen the research on nanoscience in all EU member states, the EU parliament also intends to convene consensus among non-governmental and other units to strengthen the overall strength of the EU's research in this area.

2. Innovation Succession Center

In 1995, Innovation Relay Centers (IRCs) were established by the European Commission. This organization has the same function as the National Science and Technology Transfer Center. The total number of regional innovation succession centers is nearly 70, and relevant technology transfer centers in at least 30 countries are supported. The purpose of the Innovation Succession Center is to bring together companies that have problems and companies that can come up with solutions. Most nanotechnology companies in Europe can be assisted by innovation centers or regional innovation and technology transfer strategy plans.

The European nanotechnology program receives financial aid in much the same way as the United States, and some are national programs. There are many multinational R & D institutions in Europe. Taking the Pan-European industrial R & D network as an example, it provides unconditional R & D subsidies to develop R & D results into products. Countries subsidized through the Pan-European Industrial R & D Network include Austria, Norway and the United Kingdom. Others include loans and non-reimbursable grants in Belgium, Germany, Slovenia, Iceland and Israel. In most cases, the subsidy amount does not exceed 70% of the total amount required for the completion of the plan, and the rest depends on the sponsorship of local governments and other interested parties.

Nanotechnology Japan

1.Current status of nanoscience research in RIKEN

The Japan Institute of Physics and Chemistry (RIKEN, referred to as Riken) is an interdisciplinary research organization, and its departments are located in 7 regions of Japan. RIKEN's main base, the Wako Park, has three research centers including the Discovery Research Center (DRI), the New Field Research System (FRS), and the Brain Science Center (BSI). RIKEN's research can be divided into three categories: DRI mainly conducts small-scale but long-term cultivation research programs; FRS also implements small-scale programs, but conducts more dynamic medium-range and medium-scale programs in a top-down manner. ; As for the research center, it is a large-scale project with goal-oriented medium to long range. RIKEN's research budget for the second half of the 2003 fiscal year (October 2003 to March 2004) totaled US $ 474.8 million, and the annual budget exceeded US $ 900 million.

Since 1986, RIKEN has been engaged in the research of nanoscience. However, the official nanoscience plan began in 2002. In the initial period, 18 nanoscience programs were selected and successively conducted in various research centers.

2. JAPAN BOOSTS NANOTECHNOLOGY BUDGET AND INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

Japan s Council for Science and Technology Policy reported that Japan s nanotechnology budget for the fiscal year 2004 (beginning April 1) has increased by 3.1% to $ 880 million. At the same time, the budgets of the two government ministries, which are mainly responsible for Japan's nanotechnology R & D programs, have also grown. The Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI), which is responsible for promoting the completion of research and development, has raised its budget from US $ 97 million in 2003 to US $ 110 million in 2004. Nanotechnology and related raw materials research has been designated as one of the four highest priorities. Other areas include information and communications, life sciences and environmental research.

Japan's budget is approved by Japan's Finance Ministry and then made into law by the Japanese Diet. Japan s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) s nanotechnology research and development funding has grown from US $ 230 million to 240 million, focusing on basic materials research and new drug research programs.

Nanotechnology Korea

1.South Korea's nanotechnology strategy

The South Korean government has deeply recognized that nanotechnology is the strategic commanding height of scientific and technological development in this century, integrating nanotechnology and high-tech in the fields of information, biology, materials, energy, environment, military, and aerospace, and will create interdisciplinary research and development New realm. The Korean government also understands that this emerging technology will also be the driving force for the creation of new industries and high-tech products. The breakthroughs in nanoscience and technology will also bring human capabilities, social output, national productivity, economic growth and quality of life. Great improvement.

South Korea has announced that it invested 2,391 trillion won (approximately 2 billion U.S. dollars) in the research and development of nanotechnology in the ten years from 2001 to 2010. The government's investment in nanotechnology has grown by about 400% in 2002 compared with 2000. One of the main goals of the nano-national plan is to achieve the world's number one in certain competitive areas and develop niche markets for industrial growth. At the same time, Korea has clearly focused its development on core key technologies such as trillion-level integrated electronic components.

The implementation of the "Development of Nanotechnology Development Plan in 2002" and the "New Development of Nanostructured Materials Technology" and "Development of Nano-Micro-Electro-Mechanical and Manufacturing Technology" started simultaneously. In the 9 years, it will invest 20 million US dollars each year in Daejoen Science City with many government research institutions. The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) established the Nano Manufacturing Center in 2001, and invested 165 million US dollars in the next 6 to 9 years. The government adjusted the "2003 Nanotechnology Development Action Plan", including: Nanotechnology Development Promotion Act, its purpose two : One is to build a solid core research foundation for nanotechnology, and the other is to stimulate the industrialization of mature nanotechnology. The Korean government will also allocate US $ 380 million (19% of the national nanotechnology funding) to the national nanoindustrialization plan, including industrial research and development. Funds and venture capital funds.

According to the Korean Patent Office in 2002 AD, the number of nanotechnology patent applications has grown significantly at home and abroad, and emerging nanotechnology has also grown significantly in the past few years. According to statistics from the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE), In 2002, nanotechnology start-ups sprung up to catch up with nanotechnology trains.

2. South Korea predicts that the demand for nano-textiles in the international market will increase rapidly

The Ministry of Industry and Resources predicts that the demand for nano-textiles in the international market will increase rapidly in the next nine years, and the transaction volume is expected to reach nearly 40 billion US dollars. The Ministry of Industry and Resources commissioned the Korea Fiber Industry Federation to conduct research and analysis on the demand and trade trends of nano-textiles in the international market within three months from August 2004.

According to the analysis of the Ministry of Industry and Resources, the demand for nanotextiles in the international market is based on US $ 15 billion and will increase by 10.7% each year. By 2007 and 2012, the demand for nanotextiles in the international market will reach 24 billion, respectively. US dollars and 39.7 billion yuan. By 2012, the international market demand for ultra-efficient filtering nanotextiles for pharmaceuticals, electronics and life sciences will reach $ 9.6 billion, and the demand for nanotextiles for biochemical weapons and sports entertainment will reach 26 Billion dollars, the demand for nano-textiles used for energy storage will reach 20.5 billion dollars.

South Korea's demand for nanotextiles is $ 1.9 billion, accounting for 12.1% of the total international market demand. By 2012, South Korea s demand for nanotextiles will reach $ 7.2 billion, accounting for 18.1% of the total international market demand at that time.

3. South Korea's development in nanotechnology is almost entirely concentrated in the microelectronics industry

Through the Tera-Level Nanodevices Initiatives sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology, universities and industries in South Korea are focusing on the next generation of microelectronic devices, including Memory devices with terabit capacity and components with terahertz data processing speed.

Samsung, one of the largest consortiums in South Korea, has an Advanced Institute of Technology, which is engaged in the research and commercialization of microelectronic technology.

Nanotechnology Taiwan

Since 1996, Taiwan s National Science Council, the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Ministry of Education and other ministries have supported many individual projects in the research and development of nanotechnology. Planning, nanotechnology environment construction and industrial application evaluation plan of the Technology Division of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, etc. In order to effectively use resources and integrate the wisdom and strength of industry, government, academic research, and promote international competitiveness; since 2000 AD, the National Science Council began to plan and promote nanotechnology programs.

In December 2000, the conclusions of the "Science and Technology Consultant Conference" of the administrative department of Taiwan in China and the sixth "National Science and Technology Conference" (National Science and Technology Conference) in January 2001 both pointed out that nanotechnology is a key area for Taiwan's future industrial development. The National Science Council then set up a working group office on November 21, 2002, responsible for the planning of national plans. The members of the "Nano-National Science and Technology Plan Working Group" are composed of the National Science Council, the Taiwan Science and Technology Advisory Group, Academia Sinica, Taiwan Ministry of Education, ITRI, Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Taiwan Atomic Energy Commission, and the Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Protection Agency are composed of 25 representatives.

The National Science Council also held the 155th committee meeting on January 15, 2002 to discuss the concept of the "Nano-National Science and Technology Plan"; in the 157th Committee meeting of June 2002 The review of the science and technology plan was officially promoted since January 2003. It was decided to invest NT $ 23.19 billion in nanotechnology development from 2003 to 2008; and formally established a nano-national plan on September 1 of the same year. Office, lead, plan and manage the overall plan.

Nanotechnology China

1. "National Laboratory Accreditation Committee of China" is an accreditation body responsible for laboratory and inspection organization accreditation and related work. In order to regulate the nano product market and promote the development of standards for related nano materials and products, the "National Nano Science Center" and "China [Laboratory National Accreditation Committee] has held several meetings and jointly established a "Nanotechnology Special Committee", which is linked to the "National Nanoscience Center" ^[9] .

2. The Chinese government leads many nanotechnology research and development programs through the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Most of them emphasize semiconductor manufacturing technology and the development of electronic components based on nanotechnology. The other is the use of nanomaterials to preserve archeological artifacts.

Products that have been successfully developed include new air conditioners that feature innovative nanomaterials. It is estimated that about 200 companies are actively engaged in the commercialization of nanotechnology products.

Nanotechnology Canada

The University of Waterloo is the first university in the world to have a major in nanotechnology engineering. Admissions began in 2005 and a master's degree program in nanotechnology engineering was opened in 2010. In 2012, there will be a quantum nanocenter.

The University of Toronto also has a university of science and engineering with nanotechnology engineering as a sub-discipline.

The University of Guelph has set up nanoscience.