What Does an Airman Do?

Civil aviation pilots are the main force in the civil aviation industry. Civil aviation pilots are roughly divided into two levels: captain and co-pilot. The captain is divided into captain, instructor, inspector, etc .; co-pilot is divided into first stage co-pilot and second stage. Co-pilot, third-stage co-pilot, fourth-stage co-pilot, left-seat co-pilot. A qualified civil aviation pilot plays an important role in flight safety and requires rigorous assessment.

Civil aviation pilots are the main force in the civil aviation industry. Civil aviation pilots are roughly divided into two levels: captain and co-pilot, but the captain and co-pilot are divided into multiple levels. The co-pilot is generally divided into the first stage co-pilot (F1), the second Co-pilot (F2), co-pilot (F3), co-pilot (F4), co-pilot (FL), left-hand co-pilot (FL); the captain is divided into captain, instructor, inspector and so on.

Civil aviation pilots should have a strong interest and desire to fly; broad-minded and cheerful; bold and decisive, strong-willed; emotional stability and strong control; high level of intelligence such as understanding and memory; quick thinking, flexible reaction, coordinated limbs, orientation Good judgment and strong imitation ability. The clothes of civil aviation pilots are white shirts in summer and black suits in winter. The colors are basically globally uniform, but the styles are formulated for each company, and each company is not the same.

1) Pre-flight preparation meeting to forecast unstable airflow

Usually three hours before the flight, the pilot must prepare for the day's work. Before taking off, the pilot needs to hold a flight briefing in the dispatch room to discuss whether the flight has special considerations, such as studying the weather and fuel consumption.

When the flight attendants and pilots have completed their respective preparatory meetings, they will meet at the departure counter and then take the bus together to go directly to the bottom of the plane. On the bus, the pilot will also hold a briefing with the flight attendants to tell the flight time, the unstable airflow notice and so on.

2) Division of labor in the cockpit, various pre-flight inspections

As soon as they get to the cockpit, the pilots will divide up their work. They need to follow standard operating procedures (SOPs) to check. Each pilot is trained using the same rules. problem.

Normally, each flight has a pilot and monitor pilot. The former is mainly responsible for inputting flight information into the computer system, while the latter is to complete the cockpit security inspection and external inspection of the aircraft. The external inspection is mainly to ensure that the aircraft's external structure is normal and all parts are normal.

Although engineers have visited once before the pilot tour. But general parts need to be inspected more than two to three times, including the engine, landing gear, and even the presence of water when checking for oil. Make sure the aircraft is safe before taking off.

3) Captain broadcasts on board

After everything has been checked, the plane can be released, and passengers will then board the plane. Followed by, is the captain broadcast that you often hear in the cabin. When the air traffic control tower authorizes the engine to start, the aircraft can push back the procedure blue and then take off.

4) Autonomous driving

Pilots are not just as simple as flying, they also need to monitor and control during autonomous driving. Many times, due to different aircraft or traffic problems, the air traffic control center will give instructions, and pilots need to cooperate accordingly.

5) File processing after landing

After landing, the pilot was not as simple as leaving the plane immediately. After each landing, they need to process documents, such as the flight record book, record the flight time, takeoff and landing time, and what happened to the flight, so that the next pilot knows the status of the aircraft. ^[1]

Capability structure refers to the type of capabilities a person has and the organic combination of various types of capabilities. The capability structure that pilots should possess is a combination of multiple capability factors related to flight. Flight ability refers to a reasonable combination of physical and psychological qualities that can successfully complete the contents of flight training subjects and complete flight missions. It is an organic combination of mentality and movement ability. These are also the key items for pilot daily training.

(1) Good spatial orientation ability;

(2) Good attention quality;

(3) Sensitive perception and observation ability;

(4) Agile thinking;

(5) Fast and accurate memory;

(6) Flexible adaptability and adaptability;

(7) The ability to respond quickly and accurately;

(8) Strong creative ability;

(9) High ability to control emotions;

(10) Good organizational management capabilities. ^[2]

Civil Aviation Pilot Ophthalmology

Ophthalmic examinations are generally performed in bright rooms and dark rooms according to the project. The first entry into the eye examination was performed in the bright room. Check for distance vision, near vision, color vision, and the outer eye. The second entry into the ophthalmological examination was oblique and performed in an ophthalmic darkroom. The third time I entered the ophthalmology department, I checked the far vision before mydriasis in the bright room, then ordered mydriatic medicine, and checked the refractive matrix, diopter, and fundus in the dark room.

For the distance vision test, the double-eye vision of the Air Force Ring Vision Chart was above 1.0. Poor vision is mainly caused by refractive errors. Young students' vision changes in a short period of time, sometimes with jet lag. In general, the intraocular muscles have a strong ability to mediate, and can maintain good vision with mild refractive errors. However, the ability to mediate decreases with age, and vision gradually deteriorates. Therefore, although the bilateral acuity is above 1.0, diopters exceeding a certain value cannot be used as training targets for pilots. Some people with visual acuity, although they barely reach 1.0 after re-examination, will eventually be dilated due to diopters exceeding the standard Eliminated.

The oblique test is used to check the degree of imbalance of extraocular muscles. There is no essential difference between strabismus and explicit strabismus, but due to normal fusion function control, it can still maintain binocular monoopia without showing deflection. Once the fusion function is disturbed, the subject will be skewed. Diplopia (double vision), poor attention, and unclear vision during fatigue. During the flight, there will be inaccurate visual inspection and judgment errors, which will affect the flight. China s flight checkup has strict regulations on the number of hidden slopes. The three inspections are based on the highest detection level. Except for those who have not mastered the essentials of the operation, no re-examination will be conducted.

The color vision test is to check the color vision function of the eyes, that is, the discrimination of the color. Color blindness and color weakness are loss or reduction of the ability to distinguish a certain color. During the flight, colored markers, signs and warning lights will be indistinguishable, and some ground work will also be restricted. People with color blindness and color weakness should not conceal and avoid this physical defect. Color vision inspection is performed by identifying numbers, letters, and patterns in the color vision diagram.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Civil Aviation Pilots

The contents of the undergraduate examination are carried out in three examination rooms, respectively, which examine the ENT oral function, ear pressure function, hearing, smell and vestibular function (rotary chair test). Ear cavity, nasal cavity and oral cavity are called general examinations, and other items are special examinations. General inspections are performed first, and special inspections are interspersed with other department inspections. Students usually sit opposite to the doctor during the examination. The doctor gathers light through the frontal lens in the ear cavity and nasal cavity to observe the external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, and various structures in the nasal cavity, and then examines the mouth and teeth.

Ear pressure test refers to the ventilation function of the Eustachian tube, which is also called ear pressure function. The middle and outer ears are divided by the eardrum. The middle ear and the outer ear can maintain normal hearing only when the air pressure is balanced. When the aircraft descends (especially below 4,000 meters), the external air pressure gradually increases, pressing the eardrum to cause hearing loss, and some cause air pressure damage. More serious cases may cause the eardrum to rupture. People with poor ear pressure cannot be pilots. When checking the function of ear pressure, you must cooperate with the doctor to perform nasal pinching, and pay attention to preventing colds, not smoking and drinking.

The swivel chair test is a test to check the function of the vestibule. Human vestibular function participates in the orientation and balance of people. Low vestibular function is prone to illusion. Sensitive vestibular function is prone to motion sickness, which is often referred to as motion sickness, seasickness, and motion sickness. You can get a preliminary understanding of motion sickness through the swivel chair inspection. Usually, doing more related exercises can reduce the sensitivity of the vestibule, which is good for this test to pass. During the inspection, the subject sits on a swivel chair, fastens his seat belt, sits upright, puts his head in the headrest, grasps the armrest with both hands, puts his feet on the stepper, closes his eyes, and follows the metronome The sound swung his head from side to side. From the left-middle-right-middle-left ... when you swing your head, it is continuous and non-stop. After grasping the head swivel order, start the electric swivel chair, rotate at a rotation speed of two seconds, stop rotating after 45 rotations, open your eyes after a few seconds, release the seat belt, double-footed, and return to the original seat On, observe for half an hour.

Overcome fear and build confidence before swiveling. Physical discomfort and fever should be reported to the doctor and the examination postponed. It is not advisable to check when you have just eaten (satiated) or are hungry. Dizziness (a feeling of flipping) may occur shortly after the start of the rotation. This is normal and should be continued. When shaking your head, follow the rhythm of the metronome. Vomiting after the observation period should also be reported to the doctor.

Listening is a way for people to receive information, and it is also the basis for language skills. With an audiometer, detect the minimum intensity of pure tone perception at various frequencies to understand that there is no hearing loss. Hearing tests are performed in a quiet room or soundproof room. The examinee put on the headset, hold the switch with his right hand, point his thumb at the button, pay attention to listen to the sound in the headset, press the button after hearing the sound (slight) in the headset, and then release, paying attention to the next sound. Usually left ear and right ear first. You should keep absolutely quiet during the inspection, pay attention to the concentration, listen carefully to the sound in the headphones, because the intensity of each frequency inspection is very low and the sound is extremely subtle. The sound in the headset is emitted from time to time. When you do hear it, press the button. ^[3]

Civil Aviation Pilot Surgery, Dermatology

Surgical examination is divided into measurement and whole body examination. Students take off their clothes in the locker room, and then enter the testing room for measurement, including weight, length, sitting height, leg length, arm length, chest circumference, vital capacity, grip strength, etc. Being too tall, too short, sitting high, and having insufficient leg length and arm length are not conducive to flying and are eliminated. At the age of 18, young people in China basically stop developing their limbs, but they will sit taller and their weight will increase. Physical conditions have fully taken into account this situation, and the physical measurement standards are both strict and reasonable. Students enter the testing room after the measurement to check their physique. Physical evaluation is an important part of surgery. Physical fitness is a general term for the development of the body and the functional status of various organs. It is mainly measured from three aspects: the first is the body shape, mainly the skeletal development. Then there is the physique, which generally refers to muscle and fat. The last is the function of each organ. Another important aspect of surgical examination is the joints of the extremities and the spine. The joints of the extremities should be symmetrical, the length meet the standards, and the function should be normal. The spine has no scoliosis, normal physiological curvature, and unlimited movement.

Dermatology mainly examines skin diseases. The skin disease itself does not directly harm the flight. However, some stubborn skin diseases will cause mental pain, and infectious skin diseases can easily cause infection and spread.

Civil Aviation Pilot Medicine

Internal medical examinations are performed after general examinations in surgery, ophthalmology, and ENT. After the student enters the medical examination room, first take off thick coats such as cotton coats and sit still for 5-10 minutes. Pull the sleeve of the right arm to 13 cm above the elbow, ask the relevant medical history, tie the sphygmomanometer capsule to measure the blood pressure, and then measure the pulse. The student lies on his back on the examination bed, unbuttons his clothes, loosens the belt, and his legs naturally bend. After auscultation of the heart and lungs, he touches the liver and spleen. The abdomen is sunken and then touched to the kidneys.

Try not to do physical activity before the medical examination, and relax your mind, so as not to cause blood pressure fluctuations, faster pulse and increased heart murmur. Relax your whole body while taking your blood pressure. Do not use force or fists. Breathe naturally during auscultation of the heart and do not speak. When touching the liver and spleen, listen to the doctor's instructions to breathe. In order to pass the internal medicine department, some students secretly take the medicine before the inspection. This is not advisable. After taking the medicine, the blood pressure is lower than the normal standard, and the pulse pressure difference exceeds the standard will not be qualified. The medicine will also affect other inspection items. Do not do this do. Flying is a special profession, and you ca nt be a pilot if you are too nervous. A strong heart murmur is not necessarily a heart disease, but the possibility of heart disease cannot be ruled out. It is impossible for everyone to undergo further examinations under the medical examination and conditions of the flight, and students who are eliminated should not carry burdens of thought. Other students found more pre-contractions during auscultation, which did not meet the requirements of pilots. It is necessary to know that pre-contractions do not occur at all times, but once found, as long as they exceed the standard, they will not be qualified and will not be reviewed. There are many reasons for a large liver, such as leanness, malnutrition, liver disease, environment and air pollution. Hepatomegaly is not necessarily hepatitis or liver disease.

Civil Aviation Pilot Neurology

The content of neuropsychiatric examination is more extensive, including neurological, psychiatric and family history, my reaction ability, understanding ability, thinking ability, memory, expression ability, emotion, muscle, movement, reflex, pathological signs, feeling, Freemasonry, autonomic nervous system, etc. People's feelings are very complicated. We have previously introduced people's vision, hearing, smell, taste and vestibule. People also have complex cortical sensations such as general sensations such as pain, temperature, touch, and position, physical sensations, two-point discrimination, and weight sensations. The neuropsychiatric examination is mainly divided into two parts. One is to understand the medical history and part of the examination content through conversation. The second is to find the relevant signs through a systemic examination. Students should be naked or shorts during the exam. Be calm and not nervous. Be honest and frank about narrating and answering related questions. Don't intentionally exaggerate or deliberately conceal or avoid. Speak responsibly, medical history answers first. Don't dodge during the inspection. Don't spread specific content among other students after the physical examination.

Civil Aviation Pilot Assisted Inspection

In addition to the above-mentioned inspections, the check-up medical examinations also have auxiliary examinations. The auxiliary examination is divided into routine items, that is, everyone must check, such as laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, cardiac function, chest X-ray, chest X-ray, B ultrasound, and EEG. Non-routine examinations are generally applied on an ad hoc basis depending on the needs of each physician. The routine auxiliary examination items are painless and damage-free except for mild pain in venous blood and ear blood.

Laboratory inspection. Laboratory tests include blood routine, urine routine, stool routine, liver function, Australian resistance and so on. Australian antibody is the surface antigen of hepatitis B. It was first found in Australia and referred to as Australian antibody for short. Australian anti-positive is a sign of hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatitis B virus infection does not result in hepatitis B infection. Laboratory retention specimens are usually performed after getting up the next day of the medical examination. Urine samples should be kept by themselves, and blood samples should be collected by staff. Wash the urethral opening the night before the test to avoid contamination of the urine sample. After getting up in the morning, take 20-30 ml of middle urine. Retention method: first urinate a part of urine, and then take it with a sample bottle. Use a wooden stick to take 3-4 grams of fresh stool, and rinse the rest with water. Venous blood and ear blood sampling were performed in unison.

Students attending the physical examination should drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration of the body and cause urine and blood to condense. A sufficient amount of stool specimens must be left, or they will soon dry out and cannot be tested. Do not eat sweets or canned fruit the night before the test. If you feel dizzy or weak when taking blood, you should sit down and rest to prevent injuries.

ECG, cardiac function check. The ECG and cardiac function tests can be performed separately, or the ECG can be done, followed by a cardiac function test. The ECG test is to magnify and record the micro-electric activity of the heart through the skin and the machine, to analyze the heart activity. Do not do physical activity before the test, ban medication and eliminate tension. Lie on your back on the examination bed, unbutton your shirt, fully expose your chest, relax your body, and breathe calmly. Cardiac function test is to analyze whether the heart has dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and heart rhythm disorder after exercise. At the time of the test, fasten the sphygmomanometer capsule on the right upper arm, pull out the connected thread head, hold the inflatable capsule with your right hand, and do the up and down steps for 3 minutes according to the rhythm of the metronome. Immediately lie in bed to measure blood pressure at 1 minute after exercise, record electrocardiogram for 2 minutes, and then measure blood pressure after 3 minutes. When you do the ECG, you must relax your whole body and don't disturb your limbs. Exercise test should be performed according to rhythm, neither fast nor slow. Dress immediately after the check to prevent a cold.

Routine X-rays are performed on chest radiographs and chest radiographs. Other X-ray examinations are performed together during the chest radiograph according to the needs of each department. X-ray doctors comprehensively analyze the lung, heart, pleura, and diaphragm muscle diseases based on the chest X-ray and chest radiograph of each person. Some pleura thickens, and adhesions affect diaphragmatic mobility and limit respiratory function. There are too many calcification points in the lungs, which may cause pneumothorax if they are too large and the diaphragm is stuck. There is no danger in doing ground work in these situations, but not as a pilot. During the X-ray examination, various positions should be placed according to requirements, and deep breathing exercises should be performed. During the moment of filming, you cannot move and hold your breath.

The basic principle of B-ultrasound is that ultrasound can penetrate the skin, and some of the sound waves will be reflected when it encounters internal organs. According to this principle, the position, size, texture and new creatures of the internal organs are checked. The liver, gallbladder, spleen, and left and right kidneys should be explored during the physical examination. You need to fast for 8 hours before doing a B-ultrasound. Staff will inform the students when they are fasting and fasting.

The bioelectricity of different parts of the brain is reflected to the corresponding scalp. Amplifying and recording this kind of electrical activity, which is weaker than the ECG activity, is called EEG. Epilepsy is commonly known as sheep horn madness. During a major attack, a mouth-like sound occurs in the mouth, then falls to the ground, the limbs twitch, the mouth foams, and the pupils dilate. Epilepsy is a central nervous system disease that is most harmful to flying. The purpose of EEG is to find epilepsy through various induction tests.

Wash your hair and scalp oil before doing an EEG test to avoid poor electrode contact. To prevent artifacts, do not fast your stomach before taking it, do not take sleeping pills, and have adequate sleep. During the tracing process, do not disturb the limbs and do not doze off. ^[4]