What Is Academic Dishonesty?

Academic misconduct refers to some practices in the academic world that are fraudulent, misbehaving or out of order, or that some people plagiarize the research results of others in academic fields, corrupt academic atmosphere, hinder academic progress, violate scientific spirit and morals, and discard scientific experimental data. The principle of truthfulness and honesty has severely negatively impacted science and education, and has greatly harmed the ugly phenomenon of academic image.

Academic misconduct

Right!

Academic misconduct refers to some practices in the academic world that are fraudulent, misbehaving or out of order, or that some people plagiarize the research results of others in academic fields, corrupt academic atmosphere, hinder academic progress, violate scientific spirit and morals, and discard scientific experimental data The principle of truthfulness and honesty has severely negatively impacted science and education, and has greatly harmed the ugly phenomenon of academic image.

The emergence of this phenomenon is mainly a derivative phenomenon of academic administration in the current academic system. It should be stopped in a timely and effective manner.

Academic misconduct is an act that violates academic norms and academic ethics. It is generally used internationally to refer to fabrication, falsification, and falsification of data.

Academic research is done by people. Like other human behaviors, academic research can make all kinds of mistakes. These errors can be broadly divided into three categories: one is an error that occurs due to objective conditions. Such errors are difficult to avoid and difficult to detect. Only with the advancement of science have they been revealed. Scientific researchers who make mistakes have no responsibility and should not be condemned. One type is errors that occur due to carelessness and negligence. Such errors can be avoided and should not have occurred, but the errant are not malicious and caused by inadvertence, which is an "honest mistake". Those who make mistakes should be criticized and held responsible for their mistakes, but it is a question of work attitude and does not violate academic ethics. Another category is academic misconduct. Such mistakes could have been avoided, but the perpetrators intentionally let it happen, subjective maliciousness, violated academic ethics, and should be condemned by public opinion and administrative punishment, and even held legally responsible.

Academic norms and academic ethics in different research areas have common characteristics, but there are also differences in some details. This article is mainly aimed at academic norms and academic ethics in the field of science and engineering, especially in the field of biomedicine.

Many Chinese universities have been involved in academic fraud. Disclosure from fraud

Academic misconduct corrupts the reputation of the scientific community and hinders scientific progress. The meaning of scholarship is to seek truth, and the search for truth should be the lofty responsibility of every scholar. Honesty should also be the most basic attitude of academics. It is difficult for human activities to find out what kind of academics emphasize truth as much as scholars, and scholars are respected by the public for this, and even regarded as the conscience of society. If the reputation of the scientific community is severely damaged due to the frequent occurrence of academic misconduct and the image of scientific research in the public mind is damaged, it will inevitably hinder the progress of science, because scientific research requires the support of the entire society and requires With the provision of research funding, a better research environment is needed. Without these factors, science will be difficult to develop.

Academic misconduct has also directly harmed the public interest. Scientific research uses state funds to a large extent, and academic fraud is a waste of taxpayer money. Some academic counterfeiting is in collusion with economic corruption in order to promote counterfeit medicines and products, then it is deceiving consumers' money and endangering their health.

Academic misconduct violates academic norms and causes unfair competition in terms of scientific research resources and academic status. If plagiarism, falsification of data, and falsification of academic resumes can produce academic results, gain academic reputation, and occupy a relatively high academic position, then people who are serious about seriously engaging in scientific research can't compete with counterfeiters. And academic fraud is misleading. If someone believes in false academic results and tries to do further research based on it, it will inevitably waste time, money, and energy, and even affect the acquisition of a degree and the promotion of a job. The most directly endangered by the counterfeiters are often people in the same laboratory and the same research field.

Therefore, everyone has the right to safeguard academic norms and academic ethics, and safeguarding academic norms and academic ethics is also protecting their own interests.

Chinese Association for Science and Technology perfects integrity files of scientific and technological personnel to prevent academic misconduct

China News Service, Beijing, May 26 (Reporter Sun Zifa) The China Science and Technology Association, hailed as the "home of science and technology workers", called for the establishment and improvement of the integrity files of science and technology workers, and for the undertaking of national science and technology projects and related management. Personnel and institutions to conduct credit supervision to strengthen the construction of scientific research ethics and prevent academic misconduct.

The "Seventh National Congress" of the China Association for Science and Technology, which closed on the 26th, adopted "Several Opinions on Mobilizing and Organizing the Broad Contribution of Scientific and Technological Workers for the Construction of an Innovative Country". The above appeal was issued in a number of Opinions.

The China Association for Science and Technology emphasizes that science and technology workers must consciously resist academic misconducts such as touting each other and selling reputation, and fight against such adverse phenomena as fraud and plagiarism. In the scientific and technological activities of declaration, recommendation, review, appraisal, defense, and awards, the concept of "official standard" and the "star" effect should be neglected, and different opinions in the academic field should be fully respected. It is necessary to organically combine academic self-discipline and public opinion supervision to safeguard academic dignity and professional ethics of science and technology workers.

Scientific research units and scientific and technological organizations should formulate scientific ethics conventions, standardize and encourage academic criticism, and correct academic style and research style. Strengthen the construction of academic ethics committees, formulate a system of punishment and punishment, and promote the regularization, institutionalization, and standardization of the style of study. Improve and improve the academic exchange system, improve the peer recognition mechanism, and help young and middle-aged outstanding scientific and technological talents stand out.

Scientific and technological personnel should adhere to the national interest above all, reflect the will of the country in various scientific research activities, obey and serve the national interest, protect the national scientific and technological secrets, safeguard the security of science and technology, firmly establish the awareness of taxpayers, and ensure that scientific and technological activities are beneficial to people and society , The harmonious development of man and nature. At the same time, scientific and technological personnel must protect and apply their own intellectual property rights and respect the intellectual property rights of others.

Dr. Zhu Guoguang, 63, still remembers the unspeakable excitement when he first saw academic papers on the same efficacy of Chinese and Western medicines in treating myocardial infarction in top medical journals overseas.

After a few months, he was surprised to find that most of the seemingly unusual academic papers were fabricated, and the authors of the papers included academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, dean of Zhejiang University School of Pharmacy, famous Chinese medicine pharmacologist Li Lianda, Zhejiang University Wu Limao, director of the Pharmacology Laboratory of the School of Pharmacy, and the main members of the research group.

Academic misconduct catalog

Foreword

1 Scope

2 terms and definitions

2.1 Plagiarism

2.2 Fabrication

2.3 Tampering with falsification

2.4 Inappropriate authorship

2.5 multiple submissions / multiple submissions

2.6 overlapping publications

2.7 split publications

3 plagiarism

3.1 Plagiarism

3.2 Plagiarism

3.3 Plagiarism

3.4 plagiarism research (experimental) methods

3.5 Plagiarism

3.6 Overall (Large) Plagiarism

3.7 Self plagiarism

3.8 Plagiarism Unpublished Results

4 forgery

5 tampering

6 Improper signature

7 multiple submissions

8Repeats

9 Split Post

10 related research ethical issues

11 other

Academic Mistakes

In order to further improve the quality of academic journals, respect and maintain academic publishing norms, better play the role of academic journals in regulating scientific research behaviors and purifying the academic environment, and promote the construction of scientific ethics and scientific integrity, CNKI specially compiles "Standards for Defining Misconduct in Academic Journal Papers" (hereinafter referred to as "the Standard"). This standard outlines the types of misconduct that may be involved in academic journal article authors. It lists the main manifestations of various types of misconduct and gives basic definition principles and standards.

This standard is based on laws and regulations such as the "Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China" and "Implementation Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Copyright Law", and refers to relevant regulations of the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the General Administration of Press and Publication, the Chinese Association of Science and Technology, and other important international reference Organizations, academic groups related to academic ethics norms, and the latest research results of Chinese foreign scholars. In terms of scope, content statement, and behavior definition, this standard is as consistent as possible with the general specifications of international academic journals, while taking into account the special circumstances in the writing and publishing of Chinese academic journals.

This standard fully considers the characteristics of science and technology journals and humanities and social science journals, covering natural sciences, engineering technology, humanities and social sciences. Scientific and technical journals and humanities and social science journals may, according to the characteristics of their own disciplines, compile more detailed identification rules in accordance with this standard. This standard has been prepared in accordance with the principles of accuracy, conciseness and practicality, and strives to facilitate access and use.

Criteria for defining misconduct in academic journal articles

Scope of academic misconduct

This standard covers all types of misconduct that may be involved in the authors of academic journal articles, excluding the editors, publishers, and reviewers of academic journals. According to the characteristics of misconduct that academic journal paper authors may involve, this standard covers the following three types of misconduct: misconduct existing in the paper itself, misconduct in the author's signature, and misconduct in the submission and publication process . These include plagiarism, forgery, tampering, improper signatures, multiple submissions of a manuscript, repeated publication, split publication, related research ethical issues, and other issues.

Standards are a guide for academic journal article authors to avoid misconduct when writing and submitting academic papers. It is also a guide for academic journal editors to find and deal with misconduct. It can also judge corresponding misconduct for research institutions, funding agencies and academic groups. Provide a reference for behavior.

2 terms and definitions

The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.

2.1 Plagiarism

Directly publish other people's or existing thoughts, opinions, data, images, research methods, text expressions, etc., without quoting or explaining, in their own names; excessively citing the content of other people's published literature.

2.2 Fabrication

Fabricating or fictional data or facts.

2.3 Tampering with falsification

Intentionally altering data and facts to make them less authentic.

2.4 Inappropriate authorship

The signature does not match the actual contribution to the paper.

2.5 multiple submissions / multiple submissions

The same paper or multiple papers with only minor differences (such as paper title, keywords, abstract, author order, different author units, or a small amount of content in the body of the paper), submitted to multiple journals, or within the agreed or legal deadline Transfer to other journals.

2.6 overlapping publications

Without proper explanation, the content of the published works has been repeated in the paper.

2.7 split publication

Research results that are essentially based on the same subject, data, and materials could have been published once and split into several publishable units for publication as multiple papers.

3 Plagiarism

3.1 Plagiarism

3.1.1 Use the arguments, opinions, conclusions, etc. in the published literature of others directly without quotation marks and quotes.

3.1.2 Rephrasing the arguments, opinions, conclusions, etc. of others without changing their original intent, without citation

3.1.3 The content of other people's arguments, opinions, conclusions, etc. is deleted, but not used.

3.1.4 Use or split other people's arguments, opinions, conclusions, etc. without re-quoting.

3.1.5 Add some content to other people's arguments, opinions, conclusions, etc., without quoting.

3.2 Plagiarism

3.2.1 Use data from published literature of others without citation.

3.2.2 The data in other people's published literature are slightly modified and used without citation.

3.2.3 The data in others' published literature is added and used without reference.

3.2.4 Partially abbreviate the data in the published literature of others and use it without quoting.

3.2.5 Used after changing the original order of the data in the published literature of others, but without citation.

3.2.6 Use after changing the presentation of data in other published documents, such as converting diagrams into textual representations, or converting textual representations into diagrams without commenting

3.3 Plagiarism

3.3.1 Use of images in published literature of others that should be used without permission.

3.3.2 Use of images in published literature by others without permission without citation.

3.3.3 Use images with minor modifications to other people's published literature without citations.

3.3.4 Add some content to the images in other people's published literature, but use it without quoting.

3.3.5 Remove some content from images in other people's published documents, but use them without citation.

3.3.6 Use parts of images in other people's published documents with enhanced content, but without citations.

3.3.7 Weaken some of the content on the images in other people's published documents, but use them without quoting.

3.4 plagiarism research (experimental) methods

3.4.1 Use original research (experimental) methods directly from others' published literature without citation.

3.4.2 Some non-core elements of the research methods in other people's published literature are used without modification.

3.5 Plagiarism

3.5.1 Use the text in other people's published documents without citation.

3.5.2 Use text expressions in other published documents in paragraphs. Although quoted, the text used is not quoted, the font is not changed, or it is displayed without a specific arrangement.

3.5.3 Multiple texts are expressed in a published document, but only marked in one or more of them.

3.5.4 Consecutive use of textual expressions from multiple documents, but only marking the source of one or more documents.

3.5.5 Without altering the original meaning, rephrasing the text in other people s published literature, including generalizing and simplifying the text in other people s published literature, or changing the sentence form of others published literature, or using similar words to others Text in the published literature is synonymously replaced without citation.

3.5.6 Add some words and expressions to the text expressions in other people's published literature, but not quote them.

3.5.7 Some words and expressions in other people's published literature are used without any quotation.

3.5.8 Apply the argument structure of others' published documents directly, and only change the methods, data, conclusions, etc.

3.6 Overall (massive) plagiarism

3.6.1 Direct use of all or most of the published literature of others.

3.6.2 Add some content based on other people's published literature, such as adding some data or adding some new analysis.

3.6.3 Use after reducing all or most of the published documents of others.

3.6.4 Use after replacing a research subject in another's published literature.

3.6.5 Use after changing the structure and paragraph order of the published literature of others.

3.6.6 Combine multiple published articles of others into one paper and publish.

3.6.7 Directly use all or most of the references of others' published literature.

3.6.8 Add or subtract references from others' published documents and use them directly.

3.7 Self plagiarism

3.7.1 Use the content of your published literature (or yourself as one of the authors) in the paper without citations.

3.7.2 Co-authors use the content of their (or one of the authors) published literature in the paper without citations.

3.7.3 Use the content of the dissertation that you have already defended in the dissertation without citations.

3.7.4 The main content of the thesis is derived from a dissertation that has already been defended, but it is not specified.

3.8 Plagiarism Unpublished Results

3.8.1 Unauthorized use of opinions, research methods, data, pictures, etc. that have not been officially published (including reports at academic conferences).

3.8.2 Obtain permission to use opinions, research methods, data, pictures, etc. that have not been formally published (including reports at academic conferences) without citations or explanations.

4 Forgery

4.1 Fabricate data and images not obtained through actual investigation or experiment.

4.2 Forgery of samples that cannot be obtained again by repeated experiments.

4.3 Fabricate research methods and conclusions that are inconsistent with reality or cannot be repeatedly verified.

4.4 Fabricate materials or references that can support the thesis.

4.5 Prepare funding sources for related research in the dissertation.

5 Tampering

5.1 Change the original survey or experimental data to change its original intention.

5.2 Select or delete the original survey or experimental data to change its original intention.

5.3 Modify the original text record, etc. to change its original intention.

5.4 Mosaic different images to construct unreal images.

5.5 Remove a part or add some imaginary parts from the whole image to change the interpretation of the image.

5.6 Enhance, blur, and move specific parts of an image to change the interpretation of the image.

5.7 Change the original meaning of the literature used to its advantage.

6 Improper signature

6.1 Exclude persons who have made a substantial contribution to the research involved in the paper from the list of authors.

6.2 Include authors who have not made a substantial contribution to the research involved in the paper.

6.3 Authorize the names of others in your thesis without authorization.

6.4 False labeling of author information.

6.5 Author rankings do not accurately reflect actual contributions.

7 Multiple submissions

7.1 Submit the same paper to multiple journals at the same time.

7.2 Submit the paper to another journal within the agreed or legal response period.

7.3 Submit the manuscript to other journals before receiving formal notification of the journal's confirmation of withdrawal.

7.4 Submit multiple papers with minor differences to multiple journals at the same time.

7.5 Submit the paper to other journals with minor amendments to the paper before receiving a response from the first submission journal or within the agreed or legal period.

7.6 Without any explanation, submit your paper (or yourself as one of the authors) a published paper, leave it intact or modify it slightly, and submit it again.

8 duplicate publications

8.1 Use the content of your own published literature (or yourself as one of the authors) in the paper without explaining or citing it, or simply list the published literature in the literature reference.

8.2 Without any explanation, extract a part of multiple published articles (or yourself as one of the authors), merge them into a new paper and publish it again.

8.3 The second publication allowed does not indicate the source of the first publication.

8.4 The results of an investigation, an image, or an experiment are repeated multiple times without explanation.

8.5 Papers based on the same experiment or research will be published multiple times with the same method and conclusion after each supplementary small amount of experimental data or information.

8.6 In collaborative research, collaborators publish papers with obvious similarities or similar methods and conclusions on the same survey or experimental results.

9 Split Post

9.1 Divide the results of the same investigation, experiment, or research into multiple papers, which undermines the integrity of the research.

9.2 Divide the dissertation into several publishable units and destroy the integrity of the research.

10 Related research ethical issues

10.1 The research involved in the thesis has not obtained the permission of the corresponding institution or failed to provide the corresponding license certificate.

10.2 The research involved in the thesis goes beyond what the committee has approved.

10.3 There are ethical issues in the research involved in this thesis that improperly harm research participants, abuse living subjects, and violate the principle of informed consent.

10.4 The thesis leaked the privacy of the participants or respondents.

10.5 The dissertation does not explain the conflicts of interest in the research involved in accordance with the laws or conventions.

11 other

11.1 The key information of the dissertation is leaked to others or the society in violation of the agreement or law, which violates the right of first publication of the submitted journal.

11.2 Interfering with the review of journal articles.

11.3 Include references in the paper that have not actually been referenced.

11.4 Mark citations from other documents as direct citations, including citations from translations as from the original work.

11.5 Failure to provide explanations and recognition for research funding, experimental equipment, materials, data, ideas, unpublished materials, etc. provided by others in an appropriate manner, unless there are special requirements.

11.6 The quoted content constitutes the main or substantial part of the thesis