What Is Medical Informatics?

Medical information science, MI (Medicine information) is a combination of medical and computer science, is a necessary stage of medical development. Is an emerging interdisciplinary.

Introduction to Medical Informatics

Medical informatics

Medical informatics (also known as health informatics or medical informatics) is an interdisciplinary discipline of information science, medicine and health care. It studies related resources, designs and methods to optimize the acquisition and storage of health and biomedical information , Retrieval and utilization. As a new frontier interdisciplinary discipline, medical informatics includes tools not only including computers and informatics technologies, but also clinical guidelines, corresponding medical terms, and information communication systems as implementation platforms.

Medical informatics includes some sub-fields, such as: bioinformatics, pharmaceutical informatics, public health informatics, medical graphic informatics, etc.

Medical informatics

Medical informatics This term began in the late 1970s. Previously, it was expressed in other terms, such as medical computer science, medical information science, computer in medicine, health informatics, and more specialized terms such as nursing informatics, dental informatics, and so on.

A brief history of medical informatics development

Medical informatics was born in the United States in the 1950s with the growth of microchips and computers.

Early names in medical informatics include: medical computing, medical computer science; computer medicine, medical electronic data processing; medical data automation; medical information processing, medical information science, medical software engineering, and medical computer technology.

Since the 1980s, they have all joined the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA).

Research combining computer science and medicine first began in the 1950s with the American National Standards Institute's Oral Medicine project, in which Rober Ledley participated;

In the middle of 1950, the MYCIN and INTERNEST-I expert systems were developed;

Development of the Massachusetts General Hospital Universal Multi-Program System (MUMPS) in 1965;

In 1994, the Hong Kong Hospital Authority developed a clinical management system (CMS) computerized medical record system

In 1996, a large number of surgeons in the United States turned to the application of electronic medical record software to ensure the security of medical bills to a certain extent;

In 2002, the Australian College of Health Informatics (ACHI) was established to enhance national capacity in medical informatics research, education and training, and policy development and system implementation;

In the UK, the UK Council for Health Informatics Professions (UKCHIP) information system for registration and regulation of medical informatics has been launched.

Medical Informatics Research Level

In informatics, there may be three different levels of research: basic computer science, applied method informatics, and applied informatics. The development and research of medical information system mainly belongs to the third level. Computer Science Institute Development

Medical informatics The more powerful and comprehensive the software is, the more medical informatics can carry out research on its application methods. Of course, in such highly specialized research, professional knowledge is required.

Analysis of hot topics in medical informatics research

Recent studies have shown that medical informatics research hotspots can be divided into types represented by information technology applications and types with health information analysis methods as the main content.

Information Technology

The construction and application of health information systems, including: hospital information systems, which can be used for clinical management, diagnosis and treatment services, automatic entry of medical orders, etc .; storage and processing of patient information systems, such as electronic medical records and electronic health records; For example, an expert diagnostic system as an aid to diagnosis.

It provided methodological support for the evaluation of health information system benefits, and provided methodological support for the evaluation of health information system benefits. Finally, it showed that the large-scale application of health information systems had good results.

Health information analysis method

Application of corresponding computer algorithms in biomedicine, such as clinical decision support system based on artificial neural network algorithm

Evaluation analysis and its application, used to evaluate whether new treatments are due to traditional treatments. The most common method is Cost-Effectiveness analysis.

Relational analysis and its application

Medical Informatics Data Standard

Information technology is being increasingly valued and widely used in medical institutions. How to use information technology to better serve the hospital's medical care, scientific research, and teaching has attracted more and more attention. Medical informatics came into being in this context.

Medical informatics It is defined internationally as "a discipline involving information processing and information exchange in medical practice, education, and scientific research", and it is a new interdisciplinary discipline in medicine, computer science, artificial intelligence, decision science, statistics, and information management. Recent advances in medical informatics research include electronic medical records, hospital information systems, decision support systems, imaging information technology, telemedicine and the Internet, and data standards.

The large number of electronic medical records and medical records, and the digitization of medical equipment and instruments have made the information capacity of hospital databases constantly expanding. However, simply storing information is only the low-end operation of the database. The integration and analysis of data and the automatic acquisition of medical decisions and knowledge are the focus of informatics research. To process and analyze data, the data must be stored in a specific structure. Data structures allow computers to easily transfer symbols and pixels, and greatly increase the speed of information processing. However, this data structure is not determined solely by input. Medical staff must have a common data standard and be recognized by society. This data standard clarifies the meaning of special symbols stored in databases. It acts like a dictionary, serving as a consulting and defining function. Data standards can be divided into text standards and information standards.

The word standard refers to that the standard must be expressed in the form of text, but not in the form of images. It is internationally called a medical data system, and it includes a series of words with specific meanings. Recognizing the importance of standards, more and more medical and information organizations are participating in the development of this standard. The most famous of these are the SNOMED human and veterinary medical system terminology standard developed by the American Pathological Association and the ReadCodes medical system terminology standard developed by the British Health Centre.

Information standards define both text and image data. The most common information standard today is called HL7 (HealthLevelSeven), which can also be called the standard health information transmission protocol, which also includes the medical digital image and delivery standard (DICOM). The HL7 standard determines the order and format of information transfer in the database system, covering experimental test terms, pharmaceutical equipment procurement terms, charging terms, discharge and transfer terms, and electronic monitoring terms, etc., and provides a database-like structure that is beneficial to patients Information is transmitted in a variety of data systems such as electronic medical record systems and laboratory systems.

DICOM can clarify the format of image compression and encryption during data stream transmission, and determine how CT or B-mode images are stored in the database.

Computerization of Medical Informatics

Medical Informatics Electronic Medical Record

Computerized medical records is an important research direction of medical informatics. It means

Electronic medical record Electronic medical records in a system, this system can support users to obtain complete and accurate information; prompt and alert medical staff; give clinical decision-making services; connection management, book directory, clinical basic knowledge and other equipment. The advantages of electronic medical records are as follows: A complete electronic medical record storage system supports multiple users to view at the same time, ensuring the sharing and communication of personal medical information. Through the network, physicians can obtain electronic medical records of patients at home or anywhere in the world. At the same time, different data query permissions can be given according to different users, thereby ensuring the security of medical records. Authorized users can view the appropriate medical records at the appropriate time.

Basics of medical informatics information tools

In addition, the electronic medical record is no longer a passive medical record. Through the integration with image information, multiple functions such as real-time medical monitoring and drug dose inquiry can be provided. Electronic medical records have become the basis of emerging information technologies and information tools.

Electronic medical records can be roughly divided into two types: stand-alone electronic medical records and online electronic medical records. The advantage of electronic medical records on the Internet is that ASP servers are used to provide global services. The security and data integrity are solved by ASP vendors. The disadvantage is that the data is not on the computer where the physician works.

Medical informatics standardization of medical terms

Although the medical community has invested heavily, there are still many problems with electronic medical records that need to be resolved. First, the input interface of medical record data is not simple enough. Second, electronic medical records require a uniform medical terminology standard. The National Library of Medicine has developed a unified medical terminology system that contains nearly a million terms describing medical concepts. Once the system is rolled out, it will greatly promote the standardization of medical terms worldwide.

Medical Informatics Information System

Medical informatics difference

Medical information systems are very different from other industrial systems. Different departments have different requirements for information, which is the biggest challenge to medical information systems. For example, information system users can be divided into basic users and secondary users

Medical informatics , Basic users include physicians and other nursing staff; secondary users include medical insurance companies, government medical insurance agencies, etc. Different users need different information, which leads to the complexity of information management. At the same time, how to effectively use different information systems to solve different medical management has become an increasingly important issue.

Medical Informatics Experimental Test System

Information systems include experimental test systems, medical equipment ordering and maintenance systems, and image and picture storage and exchange systems, which are stored in different computers and different information networks. The front-end interface may be different for specific users, but the back-end data must be integrated and standardized.

Medical Informatics Medical Information System

Including enterprise resource planning system (ERP), patient relationship management system, data mining and decision support system. ERP technology has achieved great success in the commercial field, and it is also widely used in medical institutions. Its characteristic is to integrate enterprise information into one (integrated database), so each system provides consistent data. Entering once and using multiple times effectively reduces the input cost and ensures that each system gets complete, real-time, and consistent data. Secondly, the ERP system can be used to make decisions on ordering, managing, and maintaining medical equipment. For example, through an integrated database, the ERP system can automatically select the most appropriate time to maintain medical equipment based on the utilization rate of the bed.

Maintenance of Medical Informatics

PRM is an information management system that focuses on patient needs. The PRM records the patient's living habits, personal medical history, family medical history, and allergic reactions, so the hospital can provide more personalized medical services. At the same time through PRM, patients can also ask the hospital for a medical plan. Data mining technology is also increasingly important in medical management. The main advantage of this technology is to reduce costs and provide doctors with the most valuable information, thereby improving the quality of medical diagnosis. Thousands of services, multiple treatment options, and interrelationships have made information systems more and more complex, and this complexity has driven the use of data mining technology in medicine, far exceeding its application in banking and retail range.

Medical Informatics Decision System

Medical Informatics Medical Judgment

Medical Informatics Committee

The most important thing in medical practice is to make the correct medical diagnosis. Therefore, medical informatics will also focus on the decision-making system. Writing a master's thesis decision-making system requires not only advanced information science technology and tools, but also an understanding of how physicians use inference knowledge

Medical informatics Make medical judgment.

Two methodologies of medical informatics

Decision systems are mainly based on two methodologies: a quantitative analysis method that focuses on statistical analysis, and an expert system method that focuses on logical reasoning. Quantitative analysis was developed in the 1950s and 1960s, and is mainly used to solve clinical problems such as heart disease and abnormal pain. Early systems used probabilistic decision theory as the basis for solving problems. This type of system is best known as the PANDA project at Stanford University. The PANDA project uses decision analysis technology, which is mainly used in the diagnosis of the fetus. According to the probabilistic analysis method, the most favorable choices for patients in the fetus are made. Expert system method takes logical reasoning as the core to solve the problem. The most famous first-generation expert system is the MYCIN system. This system is mainly used for the diagnosis and treatment of many infectious diseases. The medical knowledge is not contained in the tools, but stored in the rules. The second-generation expert system is most successful with the Asgaard system. The system greatly expands the functions of MYCIN and supplements a series of reasoning methods, which contain complex knowledge in all related fields. By connecting to a database, the system can automatically extract time-stamped data, and this feature enables the system to make the most suitable treatment for a particular stage for a patient. In addition, retrospective methods can be used to compare different medical care and make corresponding quality reports.

Medical Informatics Imaging Information

Medical Imaging

Since the mid-1970s, computer-based medical imaging has flourished with mathematics, biophysics, and engineering modelling. However, due to the various academic conferences focusing on imaging and neglecting informatics, the development of medical imaging information disciplines has been slow.

Until recent years, the combination of user-friendly medical image database with two-dimensional, three-dimensional structure and visualization has brought medical imaging informatics into a new era. The "Visible Man" project started in 1990 provided a large number of human body simulation images. The widespread application of this technology has led to the development of various types of anatomy education software, and more importantly, it has led to models, simulations and large A series of informatics issues such as digital image search. The "Human Brain" project started at the same time directly led to the development of a large number of topics on brain data atlas registration, Shanghai Med J, 2004, VoI27, No9 area and other topics. The combination of new informatics, biometrics, and computational imaging has made people re-recognize the importance of image information and simulation. Modern imaging informatics research focuses on image transmission standards, transmission rules, medical terms, information compression, image database indexing, and image case transmission security. From "virtual cells" to "virtual people", current imaging informatics are widely used from the molecular level, the cell level, the tissue level to the individual. However, medical informatics is facing more realistic problems that need to be solved urgently. The completeness of image information requires a deeper combination of science, technology and medical practice, including new technologies for automatic partitioning and registration of 2D and 3D images; data abstraction and generalization; biodiversity in image databases to interpret group image data and The relationship between phenotypes and genotypes; development of medical information data annotation language to integrate advanced image systems and hospital information systems.

Telemedicine for Medical Informatics

Telemedicine

As broadband networks enter millions of households, long-distance transmission of diagnostic and patient management information becomes possible, and telemedicine has become a new research hotspot. Through network television and wireless technology, physicians and patients can transmit corresponding medical-related information at any time, thereby creating a broader application prospect for telemedicine. However, the expensive medical expenses of telemedicine make it limited to specific groups at this stage.

The emergence of the Internet has provided a medium for transmitting pictures and text, and it has provided a large amount of information data for medical institutions. With the help of the Internet, doctors can not only share medical resources globally, but also conduct extensive exchanges for a particular case. For example, the National Library of Medicine provides the MEDLINE database, whose members can view and print all kinds of literature; CLINICWEB provides an index of all clinical information, and is a common search engine in the medical field. At the same time, the development of the Internet has made it possible for people with the same illness to communicate with each other. The formation of such patient communication organizations is conducive to finding the most suitable treatment for themselves.

Follow-up development of medical informatics

The study found that the two dimensions of the application and method of medical informatics are not isolated from each other, but mutually promoted and cross-fused. On the one hand, the application of technology has promoted the follow-up of research methods. Corresponding

A large number of evaluation methods have emerged; on the other hand, new methods have provided theoretical guarantees for the development and application of technologies, such as the emergence of artificial neural network algorithms to improve the availability of clinical decision support systems. Application expansion and method innovation are two important factors that support the advancement of medical informatics.

At the same time, the development of medical informatics depends on the invention of new methods and the development of new application fields, especially the latter. Medical informatics was first applied to basic research, clinical practice, hospital management, and is now extended to regional health information systems and national health information networks. In the future, the application direction of medical informatics may be more towards the realization of new functions, such as the development of health decision support systems at the strategic level, and a more intelligent health service network, and its service targets should be increasingly inclined to the general public.

To sum up, medical informatics is an emerging discipline combining computer technology, biophysics, statistics, and modern medicine, and it is also an inevitable result of improving the quality of medical services, hospital management and reducing costs. This discipline requires the strong cooperation of researchers and medical workers in many fields. It is foreseeable that in the near future, medical informatics will play a huge and irreplaceable role in hospital management, teaching and scientific research, disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, and will drive innovation in the entire medical community.

1 Medical informatics book of the same nameOne

Medical Informatics Book Information

Higher Education Press, 2006

Author: Wang Wei editor

Publisher: Higher Education Press

Publication time: 2006-2-1

Edition: 1

Pages: 221

Word Count: 430000

Printing time: 2006-2-1

Folio: Big 16

Paper: offset paper

Impressions: 1

ISBN: 9787040187922 Packaging: Paperback

Introduction to Medical Informatics

This book is based on the theory and practice of medical informatics, based on the characteristics and teaching needs of the specialty. Based on the disciplines of medicine, information science, information technology, and information management, it explains the composition of medical information and its development in medicine. The basic concepts, principles, technologies and methods of medical informatics; the research objects, research contents and disciplinary progress of medical information; depicting the basic framework and theoretical system of medical informatics. The main contents include: medical informatics foundation, medical information standardization, medical information ordering, medical information acquisition, medical information exchange, medical image information technology, medical information system, medical decision support, medical knowledge management, etc.

This book is mainly aimed at information management and information system majors or medical informatics majors in higher medical institutions (or comprehensive universities) in the country. It can also be used as a textbook for other related professional subjects such as clinical medicine. Reference books for information management personnel and pharmaceutical enterprise information personnel for continuing education, organizing business training, or self-study.

Medical Informatics Book Catalog

Chapter 1: Basics of Medical Informatics

Section 1 Medical Information

Related concepts of medical information

Section 3 Medical Informatics Research

Section 4 Medical Informatics Education

Chapter II Standardization of Medical Information

Section I Standardization Overview

Section 2 Standard Classification, Classification and Numbering

Section III Progress of Foreign Medical Information Standardization

Section 4 Progress of Medical Information Standardization in China

Chapter III Ordering Medical Information

The first section of medical information measurement

Section 2 Theoretical Basis of Ordered Medical Information

Section 3 Basic Methods for Ordering Information

Section 4 Automatic Sequencing Technology

Chapter IV Acquisition of Medical Information

Section 1 Medical Information Sources

Theoretical research on information collection

Research on Methods of Information Collection

Section 4 Medical Informatics Related Resources

Chapter V Medical Information Exchange

Section I Basics of Medical Information Exchange

Characteristics of Medical Information Exchange

Section 3 Forms of Medical Information Exchange

Section 4 Medical Information Exchange and Social Progress

Chapter VI Medical Image Information Technology

Section I Medical Image Imaging Technology

Section II Image Processing and Analysis Technology

Section III Medical Image Storage and Transmission System

Chapter VII Medical Information System

Section I Information System Overview

Section 2 Hospital Information System

Section 3 Medical Research Information System

Section 4 Information System of Pharmaceutical Enterprises

Section 5 Public Health Information System

Section 6 Other Medical Information Systems

Chapter VIII Medical Decision Support

Section I Overview

Relevant technologies of medical decision support system

Section III Establishment and Application of Medical Decision Support System

Section 4 Introduction of Medical Decision Support System Examples

Chapter IX Medical Knowledge Management

Section I Overview

Functions and Significance of Medical Knowledge Management

Section III Sharing of Tacit Medical Knowledge

Section 4 Implementation of Medical Knowledge Management

Chinese and English noun comparison

references

2 Medical informatics books of the same name 2

Medical Informatics Book Information

Published by Shanghai Science and Technology Press in 2002

Author :( Netherlands) Bermel (Bemmel, JH), (US) Rasmussen (Musen, MA) compiled, containing the fly, Cheng Kan Translation Studies

Publisher: Shanghai Science and Technology Press

Publication time: 2002-2-1

ISBN: 9787532363179

Packaging: Paperback

Introduction to Medical Informatics

This book is written by the current Chairman of the International Medical Information Society (IMIA) H. Van Bemmel and Stanford University School of Medicine. A. Professor Musen is the most authoritative and comprehensive medical informatics treatise. This book explores theories, methods, applications, assessment methods, development directions, and limitations of medical informatics. The content covers a wide range, including basic theories of medical informatics, data storage, analysis and processing, data and knowledge transmission and exchange, various transmission format standards and coding terminology, telemedicine and Internet technology, knowledge exchange and sharing, clinical technical support Principles and methodologies, systematic planning, design (refer to prototype introduction), implementation, application and evaluation (cost-benefit ratio analysis), and also introduces various medical information systems such as hospital management system (HIS), clinical information system (CIS ), Radiology Information System (R15), Intensive Care System, Nursing Information System (NIS), etc. Many disciplines are involved and it is difficult to enumerate. It has a good reference value for the majority of medical and health undergraduate or college students, information science students, doctors, nurses, medical and health management personnel, and medical researchers. book.