What Is Irrigation Technology?

The existing water-saving irrigation methods commonly used in China include canal anti-seepage, sprinkler irrigation, micro-spray irrigation, infiltration and drip irrigation.

Water-saving irrigation technology

(Agricultural Irrigation Technology)

Commonly used water-saving irrigation methods in China include

Water-saving irrigation technology

Channel water transport is the main water transport method for farmland irrigation in China.

Canal seepage prevention ^[1]

The water utilization coefficient of traditional earth canals is generally 0.4-0.5, and the difference is only about 0.3. That is to say, most of the water is leaked and evaporated. Canal leakage is a major aspect of farmland irrigation water loss. After the channel anti-seepage technology is adopted, the canal system water utilization coefficient can generally be increased to 0.6-0.85, which is 50% -70% higher than the original soil canal. Canal anti-seepage also has the advantages of fast water delivery, conducive to agricultural production to grab the season, save land, etc., is one of the main measures of water-saving irrigation in China.

According to the materials used, the channel imperviousness can be divided into: Sanhe soil surface imperviousness; masonry (pebble, block stone, chipped stone) imperviousness; concrete imperviousness; plastic film imperviousness Protect the surface with earth, concrete or stone). ^[1]

Water-saving irrigation technology

Pipeline water conveyance is the use of pipelines to send water directly to the field for irrigation to reduce water leakage and evaporation losses during open channel transportation. Pipes are widely used for irrigation water delivery in developed countries. At present, the popularization and application of pipeline water transportation in northern China's well irrigation areas is also fast. Commonly used pipes are concrete pipes, plastic hard (soft) pipes and metal pipes. Compared with channel water conveyance, pipeline water conveyance has the advantages of rapid water conveyance, water saving, land saving, and increased production. Its benefits are: the water use coefficient can be increased to 0.95; power saving is 20% -30%; and land saving is 2% 3%; 10% increase in output. At present, if low-pressure plastic pipelines are used to transport water, the investment per mu for water source projects (the same below) is 100 yuan to 150 yuan.

Where conditions permit, pipeline water delivery should be actively developed in accordance with actual conditions. However, pipeline water transfer only reduces the water loss during the water transfer process. In order to achieve efficient water use, field water-saving measures such as spraying and drip irrigation should also be provided. At present, there is no place to support spraying and drip irrigation equipment. For the pipeline layout and pressure bearing capacity of the pipe, the requirements for the future development of spraying and drip irrigation should be considered to avoid waste.

Water-saving irrigation technology

Sprinkling irrigation is to use a pipe to disperse the pressure nozzle into fine water droplets, spray it evenly on the field, and irrigate the crops. It serves as an advanced machine

Sprinkler irrigation

The mechanized and semi-mechanized irrigation methods have been widely adopted in many developed countries. The main advantages of sprinkler irrigation are as follows: (1) The water saving effect is significant, and the water utilization rate can reach 80%. In general, compared with ground irrigation, 1m3 water can be used as 2m3 water. (2) The yield increase of crops is large, generally it can reach 20% -40%. The reason is that the agricultural canals, wool canals, field irrigation ditches, and hoees have been cancelled, and the planting area has been increased by 15% -20%. ecosystem. (3) It greatly reduces the workload of field canal system construction, management, maintenance, and land formation. (4) Reduced farmers 'expenses and investment for irrigation, and increased farmers' income. (5) It is beneficial to accelerate the realization of agricultural mechanization, industrialization and modernization. (6) Avoid secondary soil salinization caused by excessive irrigation. Commonly used sprinkler irrigation are pipeline type, translation type, center support type, reel type and light and small unit type. (1) Mobile pipeline sprinkler irrigation usually buryes the main trunk of the water pipeline in the ground, and the field branch pipes and sprinklers can be disassembled, relocated, and used for turnover, thus reducing investment. This irrigation form is used in tens of thousands of acres of grain fields in Shunyi County, Beijing. The practice of more than 10 years has proved that: in addition to the general sprinkler irrigation, it has the advantages of water saving, increased production, labor saving, lightening farmers' burden, and beneficial to agricultural mechanization, industrialization and modernization. It also has simple equipment, simple operation and low investment. It has the advantages of strong adaptability to the size and shape of the field, and can be used by one household or joint households. It is a micro sprinkler irrigation form that is more suitable for China's national conditions and can be vigorously promoted. It can be applied to field crops and vegetables. From 200 yuan to 250 yuan. (2) Fixed-pipe sprinkler irrigation Fixed-pipe sprinkler irrigation is to install pipes and sprinklers in the field and fix it. It has high irrigation efficiency and simple management, and is suitable for vegetable, fruit tree and cash crop irrigation. However, the investment is high (the investment per mu is generally around 1,000 yuan), which is not conducive to mechanized farming. (3) The center-supported and translational large-scale sprinkler irrigation machine can only walk within a predetermined range. There must be no high obstacles in the walking area, and the land must be level. It has a high degree of mechanization and automation, and is suitable for large farms or high-scale farmland. Using domestic equipment, the investment is 300-400 yuan per mu. (4) Reel-type sprinkler irrigation machine is driven by the dynamic water pressure in the pipe to drive the walking operation. Compared with the large-scale sprinkler irrigation machine with central support and translation type, it has the advantages of flexible and flexible, adaptable to large and small fields, and low investment in equipment. At present, the investment per acre of imported equipment is about 50 yuan. After the equipment is localized, the investment can be further reduced. This is a form of sprinkler irrigation suitable for China's national conditions and promising development. It can be applied to field crops and vegetables. There are two types of reel sprinkler: spray gun type and rack analysis type. The latter has the advantages of good atomization and low energy consumption. Light and small unit type sprinkler irrigation, which can be lifted by hand or installed on a trolley or tractor, has the advantages of flexible maneuverability, strong adaptability and low price, and is usually used for drought-resistant sprinkler irrigation on smaller plots. The investment is 100-200 yuan per mu.

Water-saving irrigation technology

Micro spray ^[1]

Micro-spraying is a newly developed form of micro-sprinkling irrigation. This is the use of plastic pipes to deliver water and local irrigation through micro sprinkler spraying. It is more water-efficient than general sprinkler irrigation, can increase yield by more than 30%, can improve the field microclimate, and can be combined with chemical fertilizers to increase fertilizer efficiency. The investment per mu of domestic equipment is generally between 500 yuan and 800 yuan. It is mainly used for irrigation of fruit trees, cash crops, flowers, lawns, greenhouses, etc.

Water-saving irrigation technology

Drip irrigation is the use of plastic pipes to send water to the roots of crops through orifices or drippers on a capillary tube with a diameter of about 10 mm for local irrigation. It is currently the most effective water-saving irrigation method in arid and dry regions, and its water utilization rate can reach 95%. Drip irrigation has a higher water-saving and yield-enhancing effect than sprinkler irrigation.

Drip irrigation ^[1]

Fertilizer, double the fertilizer efficiency. It can be used for irrigation of fruit trees, vegetables, cash crops and greenhouses. It can also be used for irrigation of field crops in dry and deficient places. The disadvantage is that the dripper is easy to scale and block, so the water source should be strictly filtered. At present, domestic equipment has basically passed customs, and areas with conditions should actively develop drip irrigation.

The degree of fixed connection to the pipeline can be divided into three types: fixed, semi-fixed and mobile. For fixed drip irrigation, the positions of pipes and drippers at all levels are fixed during the irrigation season. Its advantages are simple operation, saving labor and time, and good irrigation effect. The investment for domestic equipment is about 700 yuan (fruit tree)-1400 yuan (greenhouse vegetable). Semi-fixed drip irrigation, whose stem and branch pipes are fixed, and the capillaries are moved manually. The investment per mu is 500-700 yuan. For mobile drip irrigation, its stems, branches, and capillaries are all moved manually, and the equipment is simple. It saves investment compared with semi-fixed drip irrigation, but it uses more labor. The investment per mu is 2 yuan to 500 yuan.

Water-saving irrigation technology

Cover the bottom of the ditch in the field with plastic film. The introduced irrigation water flows through the film and infiltrates the soil near the roots of the crop through small holes in the film for irrigation. This method is called film irrigation. It has a large area in Xinjiang and other places. Promotion. Using membrane irrigation, there is less leakage and evaporation loss in the deep layer, and significant water saving. On the basis of plastic film cultivation, there is no need to increase material costs, and it can play a role in warming and protecting soil. In arid areas, drip irrigation tubes can be placed under the film, or capillary tubes can be used for irrigation through small holes in the film. This is called sub-film irrigation. This irrigation method not only has the advantages of drip irrigation, but also has the advantages of mulch film mulching, and the effect of saving water and increasing yield is better.

Water-saving irrigation technology

On February 26, 2013, Huazhong University of Science and Technology released news that the School's Trace Irrigation Research Center has developed the "trace irrigation" technology for more than 10 years, breaking the traditional mode of "passive replenishment" of crops, and changing the mode of autonomous water absorption by crops. Need to absorb water.

"Trace irrigation" is named after being inspired by the concept of chemical trace elements and trace elements. It mainly refers to the ability to supply water to the crop for a long time at the ultra-micro flow rate. The output of trace irrigation per unit time can reach one to one thousandth of the drip irrigation. one.

The core water-saving component of the trace irrigation technology is the trace irrigation head, which consists of a capillary bundle with good water conductivity and a trace irrigation membrane with a filtering function. The water control head is buried near the root of the crop, and one end of the capillary bundle is connected to a water-filled pipe. The other end is connected to the capillary tube of the soil to sense the change in soil water potential. The water absorption of the crop causes the water potential around the root system to decrease, that is, a water demand signal is sent, and the water in the water control head continuously flows around the root system in the form of capillary water until the crop stops absorbing water; the trace irrigation film in the water control head prevents the capillary bundle from being blocked by impurities To ensure long-term stable operation of the system. ^[2] Many years of field trials have shown that trace irrigation saves about 50% of water than drip irrigation, and can be promoted and applied even in areas where drip irrigation is not available.

Trace irrigation has broad application prospects. Trace irrigation water-saving technology consumes less energy and saves more water. In particular, it can break through the development of desertification control, mine restoration, urban greening and other fields that are rarely involved in conventional water-saving irrigation, and can contribute to solving food security, ecological protection and water crisis. The relevant ministries and commissions, such as the Ministry of Water Resources, have stated that they will further study this new and efficient water-saving irrigation technology, actively create conditions for field trials, continuously accumulate experience, and gradually improve the technology to make it more widely available. ^[2]