What Is the Endocardium?
Endocardium, referred to as the epicardium. A layer of tissue covering the atria (auricles) and ventricle surfaces. The inner layer is a layer of flat endothelial cells, which are loose connective tissues, containing Purkinje fibers of blood vessels, nerves and cardiac conduction systems, connecting the endocardium and the myocardium. Heart valves (atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves) are folds that extend through the endocardium and function to prevent blood from flowing backward.
- Chinese name
- Endocardium
- Foreign name
- endocardium
- Endocardium, referred to as the epicardium. A layer of tissue covering the atria (auricles) and ventricle surfaces. The inner layer is a layer of flat endothelial cells, which are loose connective tissues, containing Purkinje fibers of blood vessels, nerves and cardiac conduction systems, connecting the endocardium and the myocardium. Heart valves (atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves) are folds that extend through the endocardium and function to prevent blood from flowing backward.
1 Endocardium 1, physiological anatomy of the endocardium:
- A thin film covering the inner surface of the chambers of the heart. Its structure is divided into three layers, and the innermost surface is composed of a layer of polygonal endothelial cells called endothelium. Its surface is smooth and continues with the endothelium of large blood vessels entering and leaving the heart. Below the endothelium is a subendothelial layer composed of dense connective tissue, which contains a large number of smooth muscles. Outside the subendothelium, the subendometrium is composed of loose connective tissue, which contains branches of the vascular, nerve, and cardiac conduction systems. The endocardium is folded into the cavity at the left and right atrioventricular and aortic and pulmonary openings to form a double-layered fold, which forms the heart s valves, that is, the left and right atrioventricular and aortic and pulmonary valves to ensure blood Directional flow in the heart cavity and prevents blood from flowing backwards. Connective tissue is trapped inside the valve. Its roots still contain smooth muscle, blood vessels and nerves.
2 Endocardial 2, Endocardial myocardial fibrosis:
- Endocardial myocardial fibrosis (EMF), also known as occlusive or constrictive cardiomyopathy, is an endemic restricted cardiomyopathy of unknown cause. It is more common in children and adolescents, and is more common in tropical regions. Disseminated in regions, there are few cases in northern China, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed in clinical practice. It may be caused by the body's hypersensitivity to virus or parasite infection.
3 Endocardium 3. Clinical manifestations:
- The disease lacks characteristic clinical manifestations. The basic pathological changes of this disease are fibrosis and mural thrombosis of the endocardium and inner myocardium, often accompanied by varying degrees of myogenesis, leading to thickening of the endocardium and hardening of the heart wall. According to the different ventricles involved, the disease can be divided into three types: right ventricular, left ventricular, and biventricular, with different clinical manifestations.
- 1. Right ventricular type: It is mainly characterized by tricuspid valve insufficiency, jugular vein anger, large liver and ascites, but no or only mild edema in the lower limbs, the heart boundary is enlarged to the sides, the heart sound is distant, and the tricuspid Systolic murmur in auscultation area of the valve;
- 2. Left ventricular type: mainly manifested as mitral insufficiency, chest tightness, shortness of breath, palpitations, chest pain, etc., the heart boundary expands to the left or both sides, apical systolic murmurs of grade 2 to 3, and mild diastolic murmurs
- 3. Double-ventricular type: a combination of the above two types of symptoms and signs, but the right heart damage and performance.