What are intermolecular forces?

In chemistry, intermolecular forces are described by various electrostatic forces present between atoms and molecules. These forces include the forces of iono-dipol, hydrogen bonds, dipole dipole forces and London dispersion forces. Although these forces are generally much weaker than ion or covalent bonds, they may still have a great effect on the physical properties of liquids, solids or solutions. This means that the mechanics of these forces depend on the interactions of charged species such as ions and electrons. Factors concerning electrostatic forces such as electrongativity, dipole moments, ion fees and electron pairs can significantly affect the types of intermolecular forces between any two chemical species. The polar molecules are dipoles and have a positive end and a negative end. Positively charged ions are attacked at the negative end of the dipole and the negatively charged ions are attracted to the positive end of the dipole. The power of this kind of intermolecular attraction increases with increasing ion charge and fromby flushing the moments of the dipole. This particular type of force is commonly found in ionic substances dissolved in polar solvents.

In neutral molecules and atoms, there are intermolecular forces that may be present these forces forces the forces of van der waals, which are named after Johannes van der waals. In general, they are weaker than the forces of iono-diming.

dipole dipoles occur when the positive end of the polar molecule closer to the negative end of another polar molecule. The force itself depends on the proximity of the molecules. The increasingly molecules are the weaker dipole dipole forces. Forcvelikost E can also increase with increasing polarity.

London dispersion forces can occur between non -polar and polar chemical species. They are named in honor of their discoverer, Fritz London. The force itself occurs due to the formation of immediate dipoles; These can be explained by the movement of electrons in chemical types.

Immediate dipoles are formed when electrons around one chemical species are attracted to the core of another chemical species. In general, London's dispersion forces are larger for larger molecules because larger molecules have more electrons. For example, large halogens and noble gases have higher boiling points than small halogens and noble gases.

Hydrogen bonds occur between hydrogen atoms in polar bond and non -shared electron pairs on small electronegative ions or atoms. This type of intermolecular force is often observed between hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen atoms. The hydrogen bondage is found in the water and are responsible for the high boiling point of the water.

intermolecular forces may have a deep effect on the physical properties of chemical species. Usually high boiling points, melting points and viscosity are associated with high intermolecular forces. Although they are much weaker than covalent and ion bonds, these forces of intermolecular attraction are still importantThis is what the behavior of chemical species.