What are Mantle Plumes?

Wilson (1963) proposed the concept of hot spots, Morgan (1971) proposed the concept of mantle plumes, and Larson (1991) proposed the concept of super mantle plumes, Campbell et a1. (1992) raised the cold mantle plume problem, Hill et a1. (1992) made a preliminary analysis of the relationship between the mantle plume and plate tectonics; Maruyama (1994) proposed the preliminary concept of the mantle plume tectonic theory, and the model of hot mantle plume rise and plate subduction cold mantle plume decline in the global tectonic concept, He believes that the mantle plume structure summarizes the lithosphere plate structure of the earth's surface, the mantle plume structure of the deep body, and the growth structure of the core. The plate and mantle plume structures are the two end elements of mantle thermal convection.

Seismologists haven't been able to discover the mantle plume for a long time, and it wasn't until later that solid earth scientists agreed that it was there. Pasadena

A volcano is an outlet for magma in the deep earth. Its eruption is already terrible, but if you search the earth, even if you include the island volcanic chain and the mid-ocean ridge, there is no magma event that can match the planet known as the "Igneous Rock Province" Grade magma overflow systems are comparable. Compared with the volcanic eruption that can be seen in modern times, the province of Great Igneous Rock is simply another planetary picture that is not at one level at all. Although people did not live in the era of great igneous rock provinces, and could not actually see what it looks like, our geoscientists can accurately tell people that the big igneous rock provinces are too big to cover one-third of them. In a Siberian region, what is even more terrifying is that such a large magma area does not slowly accumulate over a very long period of time-it only takes one tenth of a standard geological time unit to complete its development.

This eruption of the igneous province is the terrible consequence of the mantle plume directly cracking the lithosphere. Let's go back to the roots and think about it-what is the mantle plume? It is an extreme means for a planet to release internal nuclear heat on a large scale in a very short period of time. Moreover, this method is not yet the conversion of thermal energy to kinetic energy such as the movement of plates-it is the direct output of the deepest thermal energy to the surface and to The Earth's surface, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the biosphere.

Once the heat of this scale is exported by magma volatiles such as CO ₂ as a carrier, it will cause a very large-scale greenhouse effect. But at the same time, another major magmatic volatile matter, SO ₂ , will actively combine with the water in the atmosphere to form an aerosol of sulfuric acid, which not only allows acid rain to "moisten the water and soil in the Quartet", but also effectively reflects the radiation The sunlight on the ground surface produces a cold room effect locally. In the climate's hot and cold imbalance, the biosphere can only have one way to give back-extinction.

As a result, after the eruption of the Siberian igneous province, there was the extinction of the ancient Paleozoic in the end of the Permian period, and more than 95% of the species were washed away. The great Paleozoic biota was completely destroyed and permanently frozen in the historical records. . Since the outbreak of biology, the "Ancient Biological Age", which lasted 300 million years, has ended, and the history has entered the first era of the "Medieval Biological Age"-Triassic. After another long period of time, Central Western Province erupted, tearing this Triassic together with its biomes from the Earth's calendar and ushering in the Jurassic. The Jurassic pushed the dinosaurs to the climax of history, and then prospered for tens of millions of years. At the end of the Cretaceous, a large igneous province appeared in the Deccan region of India-this time it seems that it accidentally coincided with extraterrestrial events. Cause the Mesozoic Dinosaur Kingdom to dine directly, so that mammals in the "new age of biology" can fill the empty niche happily.