What Is Zoology?
Zoology, also known as "animal". Biology subject. China is mostly opened in the second grade of junior high school or after botany. It mainly introduces the morphological structure, living habits and economic significance of various types of animals, and sometimes introduces agriculture, animal breeding and management, and the geographical distribution of animals. The teaching purpose is to require students to have a systematic grasp of basic knowledge about animal morphology, structure, physiology, classification, evolution, and ecology, and the application of this knowledge in agriculture, medicine, industry, and national defense; to enable students to pass this knowledge Learning, being educated on biological evolutionary perspectives, ecological perspectives, dialectical materialist perspectives, and patriotic ideas; training students to master basic skills such as using a microscope, making temporary mounts, collecting and making insect specimens; training students in zoology Self-learning ability, observation ability, and preliminary ability to analyze and explain some biological phenomena. [1]
- [dòng wù xué]
As zoology is a basic discipline with a variety of branch disciplines, not only the theoretical research content of the discipline itself is extensive, but also has an inseparable relationship with many aspects of practice such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, medicine, and engineering. The colorful animal world not only provides valuable resources for human clothing, food, shelter, and behavior, but also provides rich content for beautifying people's lives and meeting the needs of people's spiritual life. Therefore, studying and studying zoology is of great significance. [2]
Zoology has a long history and is closely related to human production activities. In the primitive society, where fishing and hunting were the main production methods, humans gradually learned about the animal habits and body structures of animals that are closely related to humans, and tried to breed domesticated beneficial animals, prevent and control harmful animals, and accumulated some animal knowledge. Yin Shang before 4700
There are many types of animals, and the disciplines are extremely complicated.
Zoology Elton
(Charles Sutherland Elton, 1900-1991) Animal ecologist in Britain. Born in Manchester and died in Oxford. In 1922 he graduated from the Faculty of Zoology, Oxford University. He used to be a teaching assistant for Huxley at Oxford University in Norway to take part in an investigation of Spitsbergen in 1921. Later, in 1923 and 1924, he participated in expeditions to the Arctic and Swedish Lapland. In 1925, he was hired as a biological consultant by the Hudson Bay Company of Canada. He used the company's record of fur purchases for about 200 years to study changes in the numbers of these animals. In 1932 he established the Animal Population Research Institute at Oxford University, which later became an international research and information center for animal populations and ecology. He creatively studied the laws of natural population changes in animals (especially small mammals), and his research results are reflected in his book Voles, Mice and Lemmings: Population Dynamics (1942). Field voles
His research on rodent population dynamics and rodent control methods directly brought practical benefits to food preservation during the Second World War. He attaches great importance to the basic theories of ecology. His books "Animal Ecology" (1927, 1935, 1947) and "Animal Ecology and Evolution" (1930) had a great impact on the ecology of the 1930s and 1950s. His later books include Invasive Ecology of Animals and Plants (1958) and Types of Animal Communities (1966). He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1953, and was awarded the title of Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968. He won the Gold Medal of the Linnaeus Society in 1967, the Darwin Gold Medal of the Royal Society in 1970, the Taylor Ecology Award in 1976 and the Browning Environmental Protection Award in 1977.
Zoology Alli
American animal ecologist. Born near Bloomington, Indiana, on June 5, 1885, and died in Florida on March 18, 1955. He received his bachelor's degree from Earlham College in Indiana in 1908, and master's and doctoral degrees from the University of Chicago in 1910 and 1912. He was the assistant professor of zoology at the university from 1910 to 1912, and was an associate professor at the University of Oklahoma City from 1914 to 1915. From 1915 to 1921, he served as a professor at Lake Foster College. Associate Professor of the University of Chicago in 1921, Provost from 1925 to 1927, Professor from 1928 to 1950, and Honorary Retired Professor after 1950. From 1950 to 1955, he was the director of the Biology Professors Association of the University of Florida. A student of the American ecologist VEShelford, he studied the succession of pond animal communities in his early years and later studied marine invertebrate ecology. His life was known for studying the social behaviors and clusters of animals; his major works are Animal Clusters (1931), Animal Life and Social Growth (1932), and Animal Social Life (1938). . He found that clusters can improve the viability of animals. The Ali law in ecology indicates that too thin and too dense are not good for the population. In 1949, the publication of "Principles of Animal Ecology", compiled by five ecologists headed by Alli, marked that animal ecology had matured into an independent discipline and still has reference value. In 1929, Allie was president of the American Ecological Society. From 1930 to 1955, he was editor-in-chief of the Journal of Physiological Zoology. From 1944 to 1950, he was the chairman of the revision committee of The Encyclopedia Britannica.
Zoology Tinbergen
(N. Tinbergen, 1907 ~) British Dutch animal behaviorist. Born in The Hague on April 15, 1907. Has a strong interest in animals since childhood. Keep one tank of two spiny backback fishes and observe them for several hours. His habit of observing animals laid the foundation for his future becoming a behavioral biologist. He received his Ph.D. from Leiden University in 1932 and later served as a lecturer there. 1947 Professor of Experimental Zoology. He was Professor of Zoology at Oxford University in 1949 and established the Institute of Animal Behavior, working until his retirement in 1974. He has worked with K. Furysey to study the behavior of birds. Later, he continued to study the three spiny spiny back fish. This fish has three hard spines on the back to prevent swallowing by carnivorous fish. He observed that during the breeding season, males had a strong act of defending their "territory" of waters, and did not allow other males to break in, but did not make any attacks on females. Because the male has an obvious red plaque on the abdomen, it is a stimulating condition that causes males to produce aggressive behavior. It has been proved through various model experiments that the male fish also attacked the model with red painted abdomen. From this, Timberberg believes that most animals tend to respond only to local stimuli (signal stimuli) of an object. Most of the behaviors caused by such signal stimuli are inherent in animals. The behaviors are relatively fixed and do not change with the change of individual life. If a male fish sees a female with an enlarged belly entering, it will perform a courtship dance in a zigzag shape. If the female reacts to this, she can swim into the male's "built" nest. In the nest, the male fish touches the lower part of the female's tail with their mouth to ovulate, and at the same time stimulates the male to ejaculate. Timberberg has conducted research on seagull habits in the UK for many years, and has observed and examined gull activities in Europe, America, Africa and the Arctic Ocean. He has become one of the scientists with the highest reputation for studying seabird behavior. He is world-renowned for his research achievements on courtship and social behavior of gulls. His main works include "The World of Herring Gulls", "Life of Birds", "Research on Instinct", "Social Behavior of Animals" and so on. In 1973, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine with K. Lawrence and K. von Furysey.
Frich
Frisch
(Karl von Frisch, 1886 ~ 1982) Zoologist. Born in Vienna, he loved nature in his childhood and raised many animals. He published several articles on nature observation in middle school. He studied medical degree at the University of Vienna and then transferred to the University of Munich to study zoology. Assistant professor at the University of Munich in 1910. He was hired as a professor of zoology at the University of Rostock in 1921, and returned to the University of Munich in 1925 as a professor. He was a professor in Australia during World War II and a professor at the University of Graz in Australia after the war, but soon returned to Munich. In 1973, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Tim Bergen and Lorentz. Frisch's earliest research at the University of Munich was to determine the fish's ability to sense color. By providing compensation to fish to train them to distinguish between different colors, it was the first time that fish was not color blind. fish
He also experimented with cloud-spotted catfish (Amiurus nebulosus), which proved that fish have hearing. Frisch spent most of his life studying fish and bees, usually fish in winter and bees in her hometown in summer. What earned Friech scientific honors was his research on bee behavior and sensory abilities. In the 1920s, he proposed the theory of scent communication in bees. But some experiments in the 1940s made him doubt the odor communication theory and discovered the dance language of bees. His famous work is the book "Dance Language and Orientation of Bees" published in 1965. The dance language theory of bees has been widely accepted.
Lorenz
(Konrad Lorenz, 1903 ~ 1988) Austrian ethologist, founder of modern behavioral biology. Born in Vienna on November 7, 1903. He has been passionate about animals since childhood, and especially loves raising birds and has developed great curiosity about their behavior. After graduating from Columbia University in the United States in 1928, he stayed on as an assistant professor of comparative anatomy, and obtained a doctorate degree in 1933. In 1936, he was the Deputy Editor of the German Journal of Animal Psychology. In 1937, he was a lecturer at the University of Vienna. In 1940, he was professor and head of the department at the University of Albertus. A new "imprint learning" was proposed in 1935 bee
Learning types. From 1935 to 1938, he published a series of observation reports on the "imprint learning" of bird chicks, which attracted the attention of the academic community and became famous. In 1949, he chaired the Institute of Comparative Behavior Studies in Altenburg, Austria. In 1951, the Department of Comparative Behavior was founded at the Max Planck Institute in Boulder, and in 1954 he served as the deputy director. From 1958 to 1973, he worked at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Siweisen, and served as its director in 1961. In 1973, he was the head of the Department of Animal Sociology at the Institute of Comparative Behavior of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. During college, he studied comparative anatomy and began to study animal behavior in a comparative anatomy. In the book "Social Behavior of Birds" published in 1935, he summarized his comparative study of more than 30 birds, analyzed the behavioral functions of parent birds, young birds, sexual partners and other relatives, and the causes of these behaviors. condition. The book is a model for applying comparative methods to animal behavior. Lorentz's other important method of studying bird behavior is to make the bird imprint on him, so that he can establish a close relationship with the bird he is studying, which is convenient for the study of bird behavior. Using this method, he has studied the imprinting behavior of various birds, such as greylag geese, mallards, and jackdaws, and compared the differences between them. Lorentz also studied instinct theory and put forward the concept of desire behavior. Lawrence believes that the behavior of animals is the result of adaptation to the environment. The way animals behave is heritable. Thus, a new school of research was created-the European School of Natural Behavior. Lawrence can imitate the grey goose, Grey Goose
Summon the little grey goose to swim with him. He worked with N. Timbergen to study bird behavior. The behavior of various animals such as ducks, frogs, tapirs, monkeys and dogs has also been studied. His works include "Research on Animal and Human Behavior" and "Evolution and Variation of Behavior". Both European natural behaviorists and American experimental psycho-behavior schools respect Lawrence. J. Huxley called Laurence "the father of modern behavioral science." Due to Lawrence, N. Jenbergen, and K. von Furysi, they have done outstanding work and outstanding achievements in the field of animal behavior, and laid the foundation for the emerging behavioral biology. He and Ferich received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for behavioral biology. His last book, Hope to Save, warned people to prevent nuclear war and damage the natural environment. He died at the age of 85 on February 27, 1989. His major works include "Social Behavior of Birds", "King Solomon's Ring", "Human and Dog", "Attack and Human Nature", and "Research on Animal and Human Behavior", etc.
Schwann
(T. Schwann, 1810 ~ 1882) German zoologist, one of the founders of cytology. Born in Neuss, Germany. He first studied at the Jesus College in Cologne, then studied medicine at the universities of Bonn, Wurzburg, and Berlin, and completed his studies at the University of Berlin in 1834. Animal cell
Doctor of Medicine. Then he worked as an assistant for the famous German physiologist J. Müller (1801-1858) for 4 years. He left Germany in 1839 and went to Belgium. He was a professor of anatomy at the Roman Catholic University of Louvre from 1839 to 1848, and then an anatomy professor at the University of Liège until his death in Cologne in 1882. As early as 1833, the French chemist A. Payen (1795 ~ 1871) isolated an enzyme from malt. The following year, Schwang set about studying the digestive process. Two years later, he isolated a chemical that digested proteins from the gastric mucosa, which he called pepsin. This is the first enzyme isolated from animal tissues. From 1836 to 1837, Schwann studied fermentation and pointed out that the fermentation of sugar was the result of the life activities of living yeast cells. He later coined the term "metabolism" to denote chemical changes in living tissue. His fermentation research was attacked by German chemists F. Whler (1800 ~ 1882) and J. von Liebig (1803 ~ 1873), which forced him to leave Germany. It was not until the successful fermentation research of Pasteur in the 1850s that Schwann's views were recognized. At the same time, Schwann also studied the corruption of organic matter in order to refute the natural occurrence theory that also affected some scientists at the time. In 1839, Schwang published the book "Microscopic Research on the Structure and Growth Consistency of Animals and Plants", which systematically explained the cytology. Before 1938, Schleiden had proposed the cytology of plants, and Schwann extended this view to animals and explained it clearly. Based on numerous examples obtained from various animal tissues, Schwang asserted in the above work that all living things (including animals and plants) are composed of cells or cell products, and the life activities of each cell are subordinate to the life of the entire living thing. activity. Cytology was widely accepted shortly after it was proposed. Today, it has become one of the most important concepts in biology. Schwann also studied myelin sheath cells (ie, Schwann cells) that surround the axons of the nerves; and explored the function of the upper esophageal striated muscle.
· Von Furisi
(K. von Frisch, 1886 ) German animal ethologist in Austria. Born in Vienna, Austria on November 20, 1886. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Munich in 1910, and has successively been a research assistant, lecturer and professor. Returned to teach at the University of Munich in 1950 Bees collect honey
Until retirement in 1958. His outstanding contribution was a very detailed study of bee behavior. For decades, as if by carefully observing the various activities of the bee, the mystery of the "language" of the bee has finally been revealed. Explained that the two dances of scout bee (round dance, tail dance) are a way to inform their peers about the direction and distance of the honey source. He numbered the bees as marks, which made it easy to follow the movement of the bees into the nest through special glass windows. He used alcohol-based fast paint solvents to blend five oil paints. On the front end of the bee's back, dots were white, red, blue, yellow, and green, which represented the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Use the same colored dots at the back of the chest, which represent the numbers 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; use the two colored dots on the front side of the chest to represent the ten digits, such as white and red dots for 12, Click the red and yellow dots on the front left and rear right respectively to indicate the number 29; the small dots on the hind abdomen represent the hundreds digits. He used small dots of 5 colors to number 599, and made an in-depth observation of bee behavior. In addition, von Furysey's research also confirmed that bees are not color blind and can distinguish different colors. The bright colors of flowers have an attractive effect on bees. As early as 1919, he had shown that trained bees were able to discern different tastes and odors. He also experimented with invertebrates and fish, and found that they have a strong sensory ability, which can distinguish not only the luminosity but also the color difference. Especially to understand that fish does have an auditory effect. In view of his achievements in animal behavior research, he won the Nobel Prize in 1973 with K. Lawrence and N. Timberberg. After the publication of von Furici's famous book "The Life of Bees" in 1927, it continued to add new discoveries after 50 years, and after a comprehensive revision, published the ninth edition in 1977. He was 91 years old. His amazing perseverance and rigorous academic spirit inspired and encouraged young biologists.
Alfred Russel Wallace
Zoology wallace
(Alfred Russel Wallace, 1823-1913) British naturalist and animal geographer. Explain creature Darwin
One of the founders of the theory of evolutionary natural selection. Poor family, dropped out of school at 13 and became self-taught. He has been a surveyor for 7 years and has traveled the wilderness and mountains and became a naturalist who loves nature. He first collected plants and since he met the famous British entomologist HWBates (1825 ~ 1892), he has also increased his interest in butterflies and beetles. In 1848, he went to the Amazon basin with Bates to collect specimens in an attempt to solve the problem of species origin. On the way back to Britain in 1852, all the specimens were lost due to the ship's fire and sinking; but he was not discouraged. He went to the Malay Islands to collect and investigate in 1854. In 1855, he wrote an article "Controlling the emergence of new species" and provided an explanation Insights into species extinction, generation, replacement, and evolution clearly oppose the dogma of "creature creation." In February 1858, he wrote "On the tendency of variants to infinitely deviate from the original type", expounding his perspective on species evolution. He pointed out that most organisms have a tendency to over-produce, but due to food, natural enemies, climate
Zoology (2nd Edition) (2 photos)
Only after the change of natural environmental conditions caused a large number of individuals to die, did it maintain a certain proportion among organisms. He believes that the environment has changed, and those individuals who have produced "beneficial mutations" in structure, habits, and "ability" will have an advantage and tend to increase in survival competition, while those who have produced "harmful mutations" will tend to decrease. Or perish. This way, the dominant variant will eventually
Chord animal door (40 photos)
Replace the original species. This "continuous departure from the original type" of the variant is the evolution of the organism. Wallace sent the paper to Darwin for comment, and entrusted him to geologist Ryle for review. Amazon River
See if it can be delivered for publication. Darwin saw Wallace's view coincide with his own "natural selection" opinion, and wanted to give up the priority of discovery. After discussion and recommendation by Ryle and botanist Hook, Wallace's thesis and the abstract of Darwin's thesis on natural selection theory drafted in 1844, together with Darwin's September 5, 1857, were written to the American scholar Aisha · The letter from AsaGray was read out at the Linnae Society on July 1, 1858, and published in the "Linnai Society Bulletin" of the same year. This is the famous "joint dissertation" on the theory of natural selection, which lays the foundation of scientific evolution. Wallace also made an important contribution to animal geography. In 1868, it was proposed that the boundary between "Toyo" and "Australia" is between Bali on the east end of Java and Lombok on the other side, which is called "Wallace Line" in the world. His major works include Travel to the Amazon (1853), Malay Islands (1869), Contribution to Natural Selection Doctrine (1876), Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876), Island Life (1882) ) And Darwinism (1889).
Harmony between people and birds (40 photos)
