What Is Cellular Immunology?

A discipline that studies the occurrence, differentiation, and mediator function of immune cells and the interactions between immune cells. The cytoimmunology school headed by II Mechenikov believes that neutrophils in the blood, macrophages in the liver and spleen, etc. play a major role in immune defense. Therefore, people's response to lymphocytes in the immune response The role has been unclear.

Cellular immunology

Right!

A discipline that studies the occurrence, differentiation, and mediator function of immune cells and the interactions between immune cells. The cytoimmunology school headed by II Mechenikov believes that neutrophils in the blood, macrophages in the liver and spleen, etc. play a major role in immune defense. Therefore, people's immune response to lymphocytes The role has been unclear.

Chinese name

Cellular immunology

Foreign name

cellular immunology

the study

Occurrence and differentiation of immune cells

School

II Mechenikov

cellular immunology

In 1965, JL Goens demonstrated the immune function of lymphocytes, and proposed the concept of subgroups of T cells and B cells, so that the research of cellular immunology focused on T cells and B cells. In 1972, ER Una Nuer demonstrated the important role of macrophages in the immune response. At the same time, people have discovered the role of lymphocytes such as killer cells (K cells) and natural killer cells (NK cells) in the immune response. Fluorescence activated cell separators successfully developed in the 1970s and monoclonal antibodies produced by lymphoma hybridomas are of great significance for the isolation of immune cells and the study of the occurrence, differentiation and function of lymphocytes. It was thought that only sensitized T cells could produce lymphokines after encountering the antigen again. Recently, it was found that B cells can also produce lymphokines. Even monocytes can also produce "monocyte cytokines". Non-immune cells can also be cultured in tissues. "Lymphokine" is produced. The role and interrelationship of these factors in immune response is also the research content of cellular immunology. Cell immunology research is helpful to further understand the mechanisms of tumor immunity, transplantation immunity, hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency.

The author believes that the greatest achievement of immunology in the 20th century is to investigate the secrets of B cell and T cell immunity.

Since the discovery of vaccinia vaccine by the British doctor Jenner, the founder of human immunization practice in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the practice of immunization has become increasingly abundant. Since the founder of modern microbiology and French scholar Pasteur discovered pathogenic bacteria, the study of infectious immunity Great progress has been made. By the beginning of the 20th century, the need to theoretically explain the immune mechanism was urgent. At this time, simple immunological theories came into being. In 1908, the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to the first theory of cellular immunity, the theory of cell phagocytosis, proposed by the Russian Mechnikov, and the first theory of humoral immunity, proposed by the German Ellich, "side chain theory" "(" Receptor Theory "), this is the beginning of medical scientists exploring modern immune theory.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded twice to the field of immunobiology research that explores the mysteries of various immune responses.

The Frenchman Richie injected the blood of sensitized animals into normal animals in 1907 and found that they were allergic to allergens, and thus discovered a phenomenon opposite to the immune phenomenon-allergic reactions, which laid the foundation for the study. Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

Belgian Boulder discovered in 1895 that animal serum, a substance that can promote the dissolution of pathogenic bacteria, is complement. In 1900, he discovered that red blood cells would be lysed by hemolysin only in the presence of complement. Combining these two findings, he created the complement binding trial. Boulder won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for discovering complement.

Allergic reactions, also known as hypersensitivity reactions, refer to the immune response caused by antigen stimulation, and the resulting tissue damage or dysfunction. Allergens are called allergens and can be exogenous or autoantigens. About 20% of the people exposed to allergens have an allergic reaction. They usually have a family history and are an autosomal dominant inheritance.

There are 4 types of allergies: type I immediate-type allergies, commonly known as allergic reactions, such as bronchial asthma, penicillin shock, serum anaphylactic shock, allergic gastroenteritis, and urticaria; type II instant cytolytic reactions, such as drugs Allergic leukopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemolytic and transfusion reactions in neonates; type is antigen complex, such as infectious glomerulonephritis, serum disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and arthritis Arthritis, etc .; Type is delayed-type allergies, such as infectious allergies, contact dermatitis, and allograft rejection.

Immune active cells are a collective term for lymphocytes that are sensitive to and respond to antigenic substances in the body. They can be divided into thymus-dependent cells (T cells) and bone marrow-dependent cells (B cells), which are responsible for cellular and humoral immunity, respectively. After the immune system is stimulated by the antigen, B cells are transformed into plasma cells. The plasma cells produce globulins that specifically bind to the antigen. This type of immunoglobulin is called an antibody.

How do B cells exercise immune function? This is a major subject of immunological research. After the 1950s, the Y-type structure and function of antibodies were elucidatedPorter, British, and Edelman, American, who won the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for this research. At the time, the medical community's inquiry into how the antibodies were produced culminated. The 3 awards of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine satisfactorily solved this major topic of immunology: the introduction of the clonal selection theory (1960, Australian Burnett and British Medawa); the natural selection theory and immunity The establishment of the systematic "net" theory (1984, Danish Jenny) elucidated the mechanism of antibody production; in 1987, the Nobel Prize rewarded Japanese Tone Kazuyoshi because he clarified the genetic mechanism of antibody diversity.

The human immune system consists of 1 trillion lymphocytes and 100 million times more antibody molecules. The antigen material enters the body and is first phagocytosed by phagocytes. After digestion and processing, the antigen is delivered to B cells, and after multiple reproduction and differentiation, finally, antibody-producing cells, plasma cells, are formed. Because each B cell produces only one corresponding antibody, and there are at least 1 million B cells with different characteristics in the human body, at least one million different antibodies can be produced in the human body. This is the so-called antibody diversity, which is caused by the characteristic amino acid sequence in the variable region of the antibody molecule.