What Is an Anti-Infective?
Anti-infective drugs refer to various drugs used to treat infections caused by pathogens (virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, rickettsia, bacteria, spirochaete, fungi, worms, etc.) [1] .
- Chinese name
- Anti-infective
- Classification
- Professional term
- Including
- Antibiotics Sulfonamides Quinolones
- the way
- Oral, intramuscular, intravenous
- Anti-infective drugs refer to various drugs used to treat infections caused by pathogens (virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, rickettsia, bacteria, spirochaete, fungi, worms, etc.) [1] .
Anti-infective drugs
- There are many types of anti-infective drugs, including -lactam antibiotics, aminoglycoside antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics and quinolones. Commonly used antiviral drugs are ribavirin, acyclovir, ganciclovir, Antifungal drugs include clotrimazole and ketoconazole, as well as antituberculosis drugs and antiparasitic drugs.
Anti - infective drugs
- Anti-infective drugs can be taken orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. Intravenous anti-infective drugs are important medications for clinical drug treatment. Because of their fast onset, high bioavailability, and convenient blood concentration control, they are valued by clinicians and are the first choice for the treatment of critically ill patients. [2] .
Anti-infective drugs
- 1. Anti-infective drugs often cause a series of adverse reactions in the human body:
- These adverse reactions have different manifestations due to different effects of drugs. Investigations show that the types of adverse reactions caused by anti-infective drugs include drug fever, rash, intestinal reaction, anaphylactic shock, contact dermatitis, photoreaction, secondary infection, and angioedema. There is also damage to various systems. Taking the nervous system as an example, the following adverse reactions can occur. Those that affect the central nervous system will have a direct impact on the brain, symptoms such as convulsions, epilepsy, and others will fall into a coma. Other drugs can increase the excitability of the central system and can cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, anxiety, irritability, and insomnia. Drugs such as erythromycin and chloramphenicol sometimes cause ototoxicity. And when pregnant women use aminoglycosides, it is likely to affect the development of the cochlea of the baby. If the drug damages the epithelial cells of the renal tubules, it will cause adverse reactions such as white urine and cast urine. It can even cause acute kidney failure, a life-threatening disease. Other drugs can affect the blood circulation system and cause adverse reactions such as anemia, abnormal coagulation mechanism, and leukopenia.
- 2. Methods to reduce adverse reactions caused by anti-infective drugs:
In view of the fact that anti-infective drugs can cause various adverse reactions in real life, we need to take corresponding measures to reduce the probability of such adverse reactions. First of all, for medical staff, they must be familiar with pharmacokinetics and the activity of selecting anti-pathogenic microorganisms and drug use disorders. Only by taking care of themselves can medical personnel fundamentally reduce the adverse reactions caused by anti-infective drugs . There is also the need to choose an appropriate dosing regimen and treatment course. No matter the dosage is too large or too small, adverse reactions will occur. If the dosage is too large, the patient's body cannot bear large doses of drugs and damage its organs. If the dosage is too small, the expected effect cannot be achieved. There is also a need for reasonable medication according to the patient's physiological state and physical condition. Because the condition of each patient is different, the drug treatment cannot be performed according to the same standard, if not, a large number of patients will have adverse reactions. Another very important measure is to make a good diagnosis of the pathogen in a timely manner. This is a prerequisite for selecting reasonable anti-infective drugs. Only by making a timely diagnosis of the pathogen can a suitable anti-infective drug be selected in the first place. Only by applying these measures in practice can the probability of adverse reactions caused by anti-infective drugs be minimized [3] .
Anti-infective drugs 4. Reasonable application of anti -infective drugs
- 1. The current clinical improper use and abuse of anti-infective drugs are more common:
- (1) It is widely used for the prevention of infections. It is common, long, large, and irregular preventive use of antibacterial drugs to prevent surgical incision infection during perioperative period of surgery. Viral infections lack signs of bacterial infection or are at high risk of secondary bacterial infection. Antibacterial drugs cause waste of drug resources, imbalance of flora and double infection, and can also cause the generation of a large number of drug-resistant bacteria.
- (2) Use anti-infective drugs as a diagnostic treatment, especially for patients with fever, rather than actively looking for the cause of fever or examining the pathogen.
- (3) Improper dosing schedule of anti-infective drugs, improper drug selection, dosage, route of administration, etc. If anti-infective drugs are not selected based on the results of pathogen inspection and drug sensitivity tests, it is easy to cause ineffective drugs; excessive doses may cause adverse reactions and secondary infections, and insufficient doses may induce resistance to pathogenic bacteria; clinical drugs can be administered orally. Intramuscular or intravenous infusion should not be used; anti-infective drugs are not given as scheduled and frequently changed.
- (4) When an adverse reaction to an anti-infective drug occurs, the observation is not timely and continues to be used, causing adverse consequences.
- (5) Blind selection of expensive, newly marketed, broad-spectrum anti-infective drugs, leading to drug-resistant pathogens quickly becoming resistant.
- (6) Ignoring aseptic operation and surgical drainage, using anti-infective drugs as "insurance pills".
- (7) Cannot use anti-infective drugs in time based on pathogen inspection and drug susceptibility results or continue to use them after drug resistance appears.
- (8) Unreasonable combination of drugs, unless necessary, do not use anti-infective drugs as much as possible. (9) Pursue the best treatment and ignore the problems of drug resistance and cost.
- (10) Pursue economic benefits.
- (11) Ignoring the general condition of the patient, leading to severe toxic side effects.
- 2. Management requirements, principles and recommendations for management of anti-infective drugs
- (1) The management of anti-infective drugs should meet the following requirements:
- Hospitals should establish a sound management system for anti-infective drugs. The hospital should make statistics on the application rate of anti-infective drugs, and strive to control it below 50%. Anti-infective drug experts participating in the work of the hospital infection management committee or physicians with experience in the application of anti-infective drugs are responsible for the guidance and consultation of the application of anti-infective drugs in the hospital. The inspection department and the pharmacy department must perform the duties of regularly publishing the main pathogenic bacteria and their drug sensitivity test results and regularly providing clinical medical personnel with information on anti-infective drugs to provide a basis for the rational use of anti-infective drugs. Clinicians should increase the rate of examination of related specimens before medication. According to the results of bacterial culture and drug sensitivity tests, strictly grasp the indications and select drugs reasonably; nurses should accurately execute the doctor's order according to the pharmacological effects, compatibility contraindications and formulation requirements of various anti-infective drugs, and observe the patient's response after medication. Cooperate with physicians to do a good job of collecting and submitting various specimens. Hospitals with conditions should conduct clinical monitoring of anti-infective drugs, including blood concentration monitoring and drug-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (vRsA), and Monitoring of Vancomycin Enterococcus (VRE), etc. to control the unreasonable application of anti-infective drugs and the production of drug-resistant strains [1] .
- (2) Principle of reasonable application of anti-infective drugs
- Strictly grasp the indications and contraindications for the use of anti-infective drugs, closely observe the drug effects and adverse reactions, and use anti-infective drugs reasonably. Strictly grasp the indications for the combined application and prevention of anti-infective drugs. Formulate individualized dosing plan, pay attention to dosage, treatment course and reasonable dosing method, interval time, route. Closely observe the patient's aseptic group imbalance, and adjust the application of anti-infective drugs in time. Pay attention to pharmacoeconomics and reduce the cost of anti-infective drugs for patients.
- (3) Suggestions for rational application of anti-infective drugs
- Antibiotics are generally not used for established viral infections. If the cause of fever is unknown and there are no suspicious signs of bacterial infection, anti-infective drugs should not be used. For those who are seriously ill or bacterial infection cannot be ruled out, anti-infective drugs can be selected as appropriate. Correctly grasp the indications and treatment procedures for the application of anti-infective drugs in the perioperative period. Take clinical specimens in time before applying anti-infective drugs. Strict control of topical application of anti-infective drugs to the skin and mucous membranes. Emphasizing comprehensive treatment and improving the body's immunity, but not relying too much on anti-infective drugs [1] .