In Biology, What Is Nick Translation?

Translation is the second step (transcription to first step) in protein biosynthesis (part of gene expression, gene expression also includes transcription). Translation is based on the central principle of the genetic code, which translates mature messenger RNA molecules The process of decoding the "base sequence" (nucleotide sequence) generated in transcription) and generating the corresponding specific amino acid sequence. But there are also many transcribed RNAs, such as transit RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA), which are not translated into amino acid sequences.

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Translation is

Materials needed for the translation process:

The translation process is strictly based on the principle of base complementary pairing. It is worth noting that T (thymine) is not included in the bases of the transcription RNA, but U (uracil), so the principle of pairing is as follows.

DNA-> RNA

A,

Translation continuity

(Commaless)

Each triplet code encoding the amino acid sequence of the protein is read continuously without any discontinuity or crossover between the codes. ^[1]

Translation degeneracy

(degeneracy)

In the genetic code, except for tryptophan and methionine, which have only one codon, the remaining amino acids are encoded by 2, 3, 4 or up to 6 triplets. ^[1]

Translation Versatility

(universal)

The entire set of codes for protein biosynthesis is universal from prokaryotes to humans.

A few exceptions have been found, such as mitochondria in animal cells, and chloroplasts in plant cells.

The universality of the code further proves that various organisms evolved from the same ancestor. ^[1]

Translational swing

(wobble)

The anti-code of tRNA that transports amino acids needs to be combined with reverse pairing of the genetic code on mRNA through base complementation, but the common code of base pairing between anti-code and code does not strictly follow, which is called wobble pairing. ^[1]

Directionality of translation

(direction)

The start code is always located at the 5 end of the coding region, and the stop code is located at the 3 end. The three nucleotides of each code are also read in the direction of 5 to 3 and cannot be read backwards. ^[1]