Carbon emissions refer to the average greenhouse gas emissions produced during the production, transportation, use and recycling of the product. The dynamic carbon emission refers to the cumulative amount of greenhouse gases emitted per unit of goods, and different batches of the same product will have different dynamic carbon emissions.
carbon emission
The concept of a low-carbon economy was first proposed by the British, but the West seemed to forget the basic fact when criticizing China s carbon emissions as being at the forefront of the world, that climate warming is actually the cumulative carbon emissions in the history of developed countries Caused.
From the Industrial Revolution to 1950, carbon dioxide emissions from developed countries accounted for 95% of global cumulative emissions.
From 1950 to 2000, the carbon emissions of developed countries also accounted for 77% of the world's total. In the 100 years from 1904 to 2004, China's carbon dioxide emissions accounted for only 8% of the world's total. Even now, China's per capita emissions are not high.
In 2004, China's per capita carbon dioxide emissions were 3.6 tons, only about 87% of the world's per capita value, which was 1/3 of the per capita volume of developed countries, and only 1/5 of that of the United States. Developed countries that have now completed the tasks of industrialization and urbanization, but require developing countries such as China that have not yet completed these tasks to undertake the same emission reductions, which is a great irony to the human rights and freedoms that the West has always advocated.
Carbon emission ranking
7. Brazil 1,014.1 2.69% 5.4 (74)
8. Germany 977.4 2.59% 11.9 (25)
9. Canada 731.6 1.94% 22.6 (8)
629.9 1.67% 6.1 (65)
12. Indonesia 594.4 1.57% 2.7 (101)
13. Iran 566.3 1.50% 8.2 (54)
14. Italy 565.7 1.50% 9.7 (45)
15.France 550.
19. Spain 438.7 1.16% 10.1 (41)
20. South Africa 422.8 1.12% 9.0 (48)
21. Turkey 393.2 1.04% 5.5 (73)
22. Poland 374.6 0.99% 9.8 (44)
23. Saudi Arabia 374.3 0.99% 16.2 (13)
24. Thailand 351.3 0.93% 5.6 (71)
25. Argentina 318.3 0.84% 8.2 (53)
26. Nigeria 296.6 0.79% 2.1 (112)
27. Taiwan (China) 271.2 0.72% 11.8 (26)
28. Venezuela 266.3 0.71% 10.0 (43)
29. Pakistan 240.6 0.64% 1.5 (128)
30. Netherlands 224.4 0.59% 13.8 (16)
Note:
(A) The unit of measurement is millions of metric tons, including 6 kinds of greenhouse gases (1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2. Methane (CH4) 3. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 4. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 5. Perfluorinated Carbon (PFCs) 6. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)) emissions
Professor Klaus Zimmermann, the director of the German Economic Research Institute, responded to this question, and the right to allocate carbon emissions is the most difficult problem. "Of course China can internationalize the problem itself," he said, but just like the countries in the world are always uneven in resource allocation, how to define the reasonable carbon emissions of each country after comprehensively considering the historical and ownership dimensions? Political issues solved by economists.
Germany
Carbon emission reduction background
Establishing China's carbon accounting system during carbon emissions research phase
Since the 1990s, there has been increasing interest in determining and quantifying greenhouse gas emissions to understand its impact on the global atmosphere and to begin to better understand the sources and impacts of different greenhouse gases. Current emissions are determined by a number of methods, including macro models, direct measurements, calculations and estimates. As time goes on and experience increases, so does the understanding of the accuracy, value, and applicability of each method.
According to information provided by the Dutch Environmental Assessment Agency, China is now the number one carbon emitter. China is, of course, the next center for building greenhouse gas measurement and reporting infrastructure. Obviously, China will greatly benefit from transforming into a resource-efficient and energy-sufficient economy. China will surely benefit from being a leader in environmentally friendly technologies and policies. This reality is reflected in the Chinese government's ambitious energy-saving goals, and if implemented, it will be part of the world's most active environmental policy.
To achieve those goals, however, China needs to establish a system to quantify energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. This system must be growth-oriented, transparent, accurate and reliable, in line with international standards, and accompanied by a third-party certification system. An online carbon and energy efficiency registration system will support China's efforts to achieve its own energy efficiency goals, promote bilateral cooperation between China and the United States on climate change, and support China's participation in international agreements to reduce carbon emissions.
Carbon emissions registration system
If China can achieve its goals in the next 5 to 10 years, the registration system must go live immediately. However, questions remain about how to implement this tool, who will manage it, and what methodologies to adopt.
How best to measure emissions may depend on the reason for raising the question. For example, governments may base national climate change policies on economic assumptions, using top-down assessments. Regional trade mechanisms depend on the accurate calculation and measurement of unrelated emissions activities related to specific emission reduction projects in smaller areas. Management wants reference data to evaluate the performance of similar facilities: for example, comparing two factories to understand the effect of reducing emissions. In order to be a good corporate citizen, companies may want to understand the carbon footprint of all their business activities, including any related responsibilities and risks.
There is a good reason to establish such an online voluntary reporting system in China. Over the past 12 years, more and more large global companies have incorporated greenhouse gas accounting into their standard business practices in order to understand their own share of global emissions. And they expect suppliers, competitors and customers to do the same. In China, efforts in this area have only just begun to provide opportunities to build on existing experience and start strong, rigorous accounting.
Carbon emissions California model
The best practice is to adopt the model developed by the Climate Registry and the California Climate Action Registry in California, with a total of 500 members, including some of the largest emitters in the United States.
This model is based on the Greenhouse Gas Agreement: Guidelines for Corporate Accounting and Reporting (commonly known as the "GHG Agreement"), which is supported by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Work together. The GHG agreement provides neutral, high-level accounting standards and is recognized as an international best practice for determining corporate greenhouse gas emissions responsibility.
Unlike traditional pollution control methods that track the emissions of a unit or facility, the GHG agreement emulates financial accounting standards and determines its emissions responsibilities based on different emission sources or facilities owned by an enterprise. Given the global nature of greenhouse gases, this approach assumes that each company's carbon footprint may result from a number of activities that the company can directly or indirectly control, including mobile emissions sources and electricity use, and activities such as power generation and heavy industry production.
The GHG agreement establishes a set of greenhouse gas accounting languages, including delineating the reporting scope of the enterprise (the entity) and defining the content of the report, which is based on the entity's operating control, financial control, emission sources or equity status of each emission source . Perhaps most importantly, the GHG agreement defines different scopes for accounting purposes. When considering the carbon footprint of an entity, there may be:
Scope 1-Direct Emissions: Emissions that are within the physical control of sources, originating from stationary combustion, mobile combustion, chemical or production processes, or escape sources (unintentional release).
Scope 2 Indirect emissions: Emissions from electricity consumption under physical control, but power generation is not: purchases of electricity, steam, heating and cooling.
Scope 3-Other Indirect Emissions: Emissions related to the use of products produced, employee commuting, travel, etc.
By dividing emissions into different ranges, an organization can gradually form its entire carbon footprint. Every point of emissions from end-user power consumption in Scope 2 may also be counted as Scope 1 emissions from power plants. Dividing emissions into different ranges helps ensure that emissions are not double-calculated over a wide range.
Carbon emissions business model
In addition to a solid methodology, the registration system must have a good business model. There should be a strong stimulus for companies to disclose their energy use and greenhouse gas emissions data, which is often not identified or made public. There are many reasons why registering greenhouse gases is good for business. First, by reporting to the registration system, companies in China can enhance and promote their green image. Second, while increasing transparency and implementing an internal monitoring system for energy use, there are companies that can reduce energy costs and be a step ahead in reducing carbon emissions.
The International Association for Business and Social Responsibility states that many concerns of the business community about joining the registration system are baseless. For example, companies that are concerned about the management costs of obtaining accurate data often find that the benefits of tracking data outweigh the costs. Companies that are worried that unnecessarily disclosing their operating information or related information will become an unfavorable factor find that their concerns about information disclosure are often exaggerated: Information disclosure has further strengthened shareholders' confidence in the company and believes that investment risk is reduced. Finally, for those companies that fear that disclosure of such data will violate privacy and open the door for other requirements, they find that cooperation with shareholders provides an opportunity to set favorable conditions in the future.
In short, establishing a registration system in China that quantifies carbon emissions in a measurable, consistent, and verifiable manner is a necessary and solid first step towards a larger climate change solution. It is also a bilateral and multilateral climate change Important prerequisites for cooperation. The registration system will enable China to get rid of the negative image of the world's largest polluting country, move towards a responsible, resource-saving, energy-sufficient country, and become a leader in green technology. This development will definitely benefit China a lot.
Carbon emission reduction targets
On December 9, 2014, a representative of the Chinese government attending the 20th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP20) in Lima , Peru , stated that China will control its annual carbon dioxide emissions to 100% between 2016 and 2020. Below 100 million tons. [1]
China promises that its carbon dioxide emissions will reach a peak around 2030, and some estimates suggest that it will reach a maximum of 15 billion tons. As the world's largest carbon dioxide emitter, China's numerical targets are expected to have an impact on future international negotiations on climate change. [1]
