What is Hydrology?
The discipline that studies the distribution, movement, and changes of water in the earth's atmosphere, the surface, and the crust, as well as the interaction between water and the environment, belongs to the category of geophysical sciences. Through testing, analysis, calculation and simulation, the change and development of water quantity and water quality in nature are forecasted, which provides scientific basis for the development and utilization of water resources, flood control and protection of the water environment. It belongs to the branch of geophysics and physical geography. [1]
- Chinese name
- Hydrology
- Foreign name
- hydrology
- Belongs to
- Geophysics and physical geography
- Corresponding
- Origin, existence, distribution, circulation
- Research Objects of Hydrology
- Introduction to Hydrology Development
- System of hydrology
- Geographical Research in HydrologyGeography
- Main characteristics of hydrological phenomenon
- Research Methods in Hydrology
- Hydrology course nature and teaching purpose requirements
- The discipline that studies the distribution, movement, and changes of water in the earth's atmosphere, the surface, and the crust, as well as the interaction between water and the environment, belongs to the category of geophysical sciences. Through testing, analysis, calculation and simulation, the change and development of water quantity and water quality in nature are forecasted, which provides scientific basis for the development and utilization of water resources, flood control and protection of the water environment. It belongs to the branch of geophysics and physical geography. [1]
Hydrology Hydrology
The emergence of hydrology water
- The surface water of the earth escapes from the inside of the earth, and after about 3.5 billion years of accumulation and evolution, it gradually forms today's hydrosphere. The formation of the hydrosphere not only changed the appearance of the lithosphere, complicated and varied the phenomena in the atmosphere, but also caused the emergence of the biosphere. Therefore, the emergence of water and the formation of the hydrosphere are the most important events in the natural history of the earth.
Hydrological Research
- The field of research in hydrology is very wide. From the water in the atmosphere to the water in the ocean, from the water on the surface of the land to the groundwater, are the research objects of hydrology; Research fields; Hydrology studies not only the amount of water, but also the quality of water, not only the current dynamics of water regimes, but also the life history of global water and predicting its future trends.
- Although the amount of water on land only accounts for about 3.5% of the total global water volume, almost all fresh water is distributed on land. The whole human lives on land, and the most complicated hydrological processes also occur on land. Therefore, the study of water on land has been paid special attention by people. Terrestrial hydrology is a major component of hydrology. The hydrological knowledge of the oceans and the atmosphere has now been classified into oceanography and atmospheric science, respectively.
Hydrology subject content
- Hydrology is closely related to the disciplines of meteorology, oceanography, geology, and physical geography. Hydrology in a broad sense can be divided into hydrometeorology, marine hydrology, and terrestrial hydrology. Hydrometeorology mainly studies the changes of water vapor in the atmosphere, including the water cycle and water balance in the atmosphere, and the water exchange between the atmosphere and the underlying surface in the main ways of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation is a marginal subject of hydrology and meteorology. Marine hydrology mainly studies the hydrological phenomena of the ocean, including waves, tides and currents, and is one of the contents of oceanography. Terrestrial hydrology mainly studies the hydrological phenomena and movement laws of various water bodies on land. With the development of production and the deepening of research work, branches of river hydrology, lake hydrology, glacial hydrology, and groundwater hydrology have been formed. The content of terrestrial hydrology that directly serves the production sectors of industry, agriculture, and transportation is called applied hydrology. Narrow hydrology usually refers to terrestrial hydrology and applied hydrology. [1]
Hydrological Research Methods
- Summarized as: Cause analysis method. That is, based on the collection of a large number of measured data and laboratory test data of the hydrological station network, the formation process, physical mechanism and interrelationships of the hydrological phenomenon are studied, and the quantitative relationship or hydrological model of the hydrological phenomenon and influencing factors is established. Mathematical statistics method. Hydrological phenomena have both certainty and randomness. Certain hydrological phenomena can be regarded as random events. Using the principles and methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics, frequency analysis is performed on certain hydrological phenomena to estimate various frequencies (or recurrence periods). ) Hydrological data. regional analysis method. The climate and natural geography conditions have the characteristics of regional distribution, and the hydrological phenomenon also has a certain degree of regional similarity. Therefore, you can study the eigenvalues of hydrological element classification and zoning, establish regional empirical formulas, or draw contour maps of various eigenvalues. And partition map. [1]
Hydrological Research Object
Hydrological Dynamic System
- There is about 1.39 billion cubic kilometers of water on the earth. It is distributed on the ground in liquid, solid, and gaseous states.
- Most of the Earth's surface is covered by the ocean
- In this system, seawater evaporates into water vapor and rises into the atmosphere under solar radiation. It is carried over the land by air currents. Under certain weather conditions, precipitation forms on the ground. Part of the falling water is re-evaporated back to the atmosphere, and the other part is under the action of gravity, or it forms surface runoff along the ground, or penetrates into the ground to form underground runoff, flows into lakes through rivers, or is injected into the ocean. Water vapor evaporated from the ocean or land rises and condenses, and directly falls on the ocean or land under the action of gravity.
Hydrological cycle
- This cycle of continuous transformation, migration, and alternation of water is called the hydrological cycle. However, the above are just a few sketches of the outline of the global hydrological cycle, and the actual situation of the hydrological cycle is much more complicated. Above the ground, an average space of about 11 kilometers from the top of the atmospheric troposphere to a depth of 1 to 2 kilometers below the ground, there is no trace of the hydrological cycle everywhere.
- Atmospheric circulations of different latitudes make some areas become sources of water vapor with more evaporation than precipitation, while other areas become water vapor rich areas with more precipitation than evaporation. Cross-basin water transfer projects of different scales can change the surface runoff path. Each region or body of water has its own regional hydrological circulation system. Hydrological circulation systems of various time scales and spatial scales are connected and restricted to each other, forming a global hydrological circulation system.
Hydrological internal factors
- About 577,000 cubic kilometers of water participate in the hydrological cycle worldwide each year. The internal cause of the hydrological cycle is the physical property that water can perform liquid, gaseous, and solid three-phase conversion under natural conditions. The energy that drives such a huge hydrological cycle system is the radiant energy of the sun and the potential energy of water in the gravitational place of the earth.
- The hydrological cycle is the most important material cycle in nature. It creates clouds and rains, affects the climate and ecology of an area, shapes the landform and realizes the migration of geochemical substances. It connects the lives of the world like a chain and provides continuous regeneration for human beings. Freshwater and hydroenergy resources. The hydrological cycle has made the planet we live alive. If there were no water and hydrological cycle, our planet would be like a moon, a picture of lifeless, silent desert.
Various forms of hydrology
- The existence and movement of water in the circulation process in various forms, such as evaporation, precipitation, water level fluctuations in rivers and lakes, changes in ice conditions, glaciers advance and retreat, groundwater movement and water quality changes, are collectively referred to as hydrological phenomena. Under the influence of various natural factors and human activities, hydrological phenomena appear very complicated in terms of spatial distribution or temporal changes.
- The time-varying process of hydrological phenomenon has a periodic and non-repetitive nature, which is generally called a "quasi-periodic" nature. For example, the water level of the tidal estuary has a daily change with a period of half or one overcast day; rivers have abundant flood seasons and low dry seasons each year; through long-term observations, we can see that there is a continuous flow of water in rivers and lakes The alternation of high water years and continuous low water years shows a multi-year change.
- The basic reasons for this periodic change are the orbit and rotation of the earth, the relative motion of the earth and the moon, and also the effects of solar activity, such as the periodic motion of sunspots. They lead to changes in solar radiation and seasonal changes, which also cause corresponding periodic changes in hydrological phenomena. Of course, hydrological phenomena are also affected by many other factors, which themselves constantly change in time, and interact and influence each other.
A Brief History of the Development of Hydrology
Hydrology Traceability
- The history of mankind's exploration and elimination of water damage and water conservation is as long as the history of human civilization. In production practice, special
- Qin Dynasty Li Bing Sets up "Stone Man" in Dujiangyan
- Hydrology has a long history and experienced a long gestation period, and its rapid development has been a matter of the last century. Similar to many disciplines of the natural sciences, it is difficult to find recognized milestones and to divide the historical course of the hydrology into a number of distinct stages. We are just following its footprint, roughly divided into the following.
Hydrology budding period
- (Ancient to 1400 AD)
- Among the remains of the ancient cultural birthplaces of the Nile, Euphrates, Ganges, and Yellow Rivers, we can see that primitive hydrological observations have begun during this period. The earliest water level observations were made in China and Egypt.
- About the 22nd century BC, the legendary Dayu in the Chinese legend ruled the water, and "took the wood along the mountain" (stands in the river) to observe the fluctuation of the river. Since then, during the Warring States Period, Li Bing's "Stone Man" in Dujiangyan, the Sui Dynasty carved stone, and the Song Dynasty stone monument, etc., show that water level observations have continued to progress.
- The earliest rainfall observations first appeared in India in the fourth century BC, and China began to have a system for reporting rainfall in the Qin Dynasty in the third century BC. By 1247, there were more scientific rain gauges and rain depth calculation methods. And began to use the "bamboo cage snow test" to calculate the snowfall depth on the ground. In the Ming Dynasty Liu Tianhe's work on controlling the Yellow River, he has used a hand-made "sand water measuring device" to determine the amount of sediment in river water.
- The ancient Chinese book "Lü's Spring and Autumn" wrote: "The cloud travels west to Yunyunran, and winter and summer do not stop; the springs flow eastward, endlessly day and night, endless, down, dissatisfied, small as big, heavy as light, and national road." Hydrological cycle concept. Completed in the "Water Sutra" in the early 6th century AD, it described the general situation of 1252 rivers in China at that time, and became a pioneer of hydrogeographic investigation.
- It is true that these primitive hydrological observations and hydrological knowledge were superficial and sporadic, but they have provided important hydrological data for life and production at that time. For example, the amount of taxation is determined according to the amount of rainfall, and the transfer of water conditions to the downstream according to the water level in the upstream, etc., which marks the germination of hydrology.
Foundation Period of Hydrology
- (About 1400 1900)
- The liberation of scientific ideas and the advancement of science and technology brought by the European Renaissance laid the foundation for the development of hydrology as an independent discipline. During this period, the invention of hydrological instruments brought hydrological observations into the scientific quantitative observation stage.
- In 1663, Rennes and Hook created the dump bucket self-recording rain gauge. In 1687, Harley created the evaporator to measure the water surface evaporation. In 1870, Ellis invented the propeller-type flow meter. In 1885, Price invented the rotary cup-type flow velocity. instrument. These modern hydrological instruments have achieved considerable accuracy in the observation of flow, velocity, evaporation, and precipitation. Various hydrological stations using these modern hydrological instruments for hydrological observation have emerged one after another.
- In 1746, China established the nation's first regular water level station at the Laobakou of the Yellow River, and began to observe the water level systematically and report floods. These achievements have expanded the observational horizon of hydrological phenomena in depth and breadth, creating conditions for the theoretical development of hydrological science.
- During this period, modern hydrological theory began to take shape. In 1674, Perot proposed the concept of water balance, which became one of the most basic principles of hydrology. In 1738, Bernoulli and his son published the water flow energy equation. In 1775, Xie Caifa showed the uniform flow formula of the canal. In 1802, Dalton established a study. Dalton's formula for water surface evaporation; Darcy published the Darcy's law describing groundwater movement in porous media in 1856; Movani introduced the concepts of confluence and runoff coefficients in 1851 and published the famous inference formula for calculating the maximum flow .
- The establishment of these scientific theories has laid the theoretical foundation for the development of hydrology in the fields of river flow, evaporation, groundwater movement, runoff formation, and hydrological cycle. It shows that human understanding of hydrological phenomena has changed from the superficial and sporadic knowledge of the budding period. , Developed to a more profound systematic knowledge. At the same time, it also shows that human's exploration of the laws of water movement and change on the earth has developed to the basis of a large number of observation facts, hypotheses, deductions and inferences, and then to establish modern scientific methodologies of various theoretical systems.
- At the end of the 19th century, specialized hydrological research institutions began to appear, and some countries began publishing hydrological yearbooks. Frisian's "Methods of Hydrological Testing of Rivers", "Florer's" Lake of Lake Geneva ", and Mallot's" Water Movement "and other hydrological specialties have been published. These works summarize the achievements of hydrological observation and theoretical research at that time, marking the foundation of hydrology as a modern science.
The rise of hydrology
- Applied Hydrology (ca. 1900 ~ 1950)
- During this period, hydrology continued to make new achievements in observation methods, theoretical systems, and research fields, but its most important progress was the rise of applied hydrology.
- In the 20th century, especially after the First World War, flood control, irrigation, traffic engineering, agriculture, forestry, and even urban construction have raised a lot of new topics for hydrology. The methods for solving these problems are also based on experience. Gradually theorizing and systemizing gradually, the application characteristics of hydrological sciences gradually emerged.
- First, from 1914 to 1924, after the work of Heizeng, Foster and others, the theory and methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics were systematically introduced into the hydrological sciences, so that the hydrological variables (such as flood peaks and flood volumes) and its appearance Probabilities are linked, which opens the way for estimating the possible hydrological situation in the future operation period of the project.
- Then, from 1932 to 1938, Sherman, Holden, McCarthy, Snyder, and others made pioneering advances in the calculation of runoff and confluence, opening the way for the estimation of floods based on rainfall. Subsequently, Clark, Linsley, etc. developed and enriched the above in the unit line, the theory and method of joint analysis of multiple hydrological variables, and runoff regulation.
- During this period, the hydrological station developed into a large-scale hydrological station network system worldwide. These achievements laid the foundation for the rise of applied hydrology in terms of theory, methods, and data conditions, and took the lead in forming its most important Branch discipline-engineering hydrology. Then, agricultural hydrology, forest hydrology, and urban hydrology also emerged.
- In 1949, Lin Slei co-authored "Applied Hydrology" with Kohler and Paul Hess; in the same year, Jiang Shidun and Closs co-authored "Application of Hydrological Principles", "Hydrology Handbook" edited by the American Society of Civil Engineers The Hydrology Special Landing continued to come out, summing up the achievements of this period, marking the birth of applied hydrology. Application of hydrology, with its distinctive characteristics of directly providing multi-faceted services to production and life, has developed rapidly and has become the most dynamic branch of science in the modern hydrological system.
Hydrology Modern Hydrology
- Since the 1950s, the scale of social production has expanded unprecedentedly, science and technology have entered a new period of development, and a new technological revolution is emerging. The ability of humans to transform nature has rapidly increased, and the relationship between man and water has been protected from harm by ancient times.
- Groundwater schematic
- First of all, due to human's outstanding demand for water resources, the research field of hydrology is developing towards the optimal development and utilization of water resources, with a view to providing scientific basis for objective evaluation, reasonable development, full use and protection of water resources.
- Secondly, large-scale human activities are affecting the natural water body and then the natural environment in many ways. Study and evaluate the hydrological effect of human activities and the environmental significance of this effect, reveal the laws of hydrological phenomena under the influence of human activities, and then explore new methods and new approaches to hydrological analysis to prevent the impact of human activities on the hydrological cycle from being harmful to humans The development of the living environment is becoming a new topic for hydrology.
- In addition, modern science and technology have made great progress in the methods of obtaining and analyzing hydrological information. For example, the application of remote sensing technology makes it possible to observe macroscopic hydrological phenomena in a large area at the same time; the application of nuclear technology enables people to obtain microscopic hydrological information; hydrological simulation methods, random hydrological analysis methods, and hydrological system analysis methods enable people to study hydrology The ability of phenomena has developed to a new level; especially the application of electronic computers has enabled hydrological sciences to develop from hydrological observation to the study of basic laws, from human and mechanical operations to electronic computers as the core of automation.
- The marginal sciences between hydrology and other sciences are constantly emerging, and the gaps between disciplines are gradually being filled. At the same time, people are beginning to see that water has become an important factor affecting social development. While water is showing its natural attributes, its social attributes are also increasingly being revealed and are gradually recognized by people. Therefore, hydrology will likely develop into a comprehensive science with dual natures of natural science and social science.
Characteristics of Hydrological Research
Orientation of Hydrology
- Hydrological cycle is the existence condition and interconnected ties of various water bodies in nature, and it is the various movements of water
- water
Hydrological Studies
- First, hydrology takes various hydrological phenomena as a whole and combines them with the effects of the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and human activities on them. For example, when using the water balance method to study the water volume change in a watershed, we must consider both the water vapor transport in the atmosphere around the watershed and the change in the water content in the atmosphere over the watershed; we must consider both precipitation and evaporation; Considering the surface runoff of the river basin, we also need to consider the soil water content in the river basin and the exchange of groundwater inside and outside the river basin, but also the impact of water conservancy projects in the river basin and other human activities.
Hydrological data
- Secondly, hydrology mainly predicts or predicts the future situation of hydrological situation based on existing hydrological data, and directly serves human life and production. For example, it provides flood forecasting and various water regime forecasts, makes mid-to-long-term forecasts of the occurrence of droughts and floods, and makes probability estimates for the catastrophic floods that water conservancy projects may encounter during the future operation period.
- Hydrology science mainly relies on the establishment of a network of hydrological observation stations from local to global, and analyzes and studies the observation of hydrological phenomena that have occurred in nature. Various hydrological experiments, except for a few performed in the laboratory, are mainly performed in nature, such as in experimental watersheds.
- Genesis analysis and statistical analysis are widely used in hydrological research, and the two are combined as much as possible. The cause analysis is mainly based on the principles of physics. Usually, some form of deterministic model is established to study the law of certainty in the development and evolution of hydrological phenomena. Statistical analysis method is based on probability theory, and usually establishes a certain probability model (pure random model) to discuss the statistical law of hydrological phenomena.
Hydrology and Hydrology Branch
Introduction to Hydrology
- Because water plays an important role in human survival and social development, hydrology is not just a basic science, but also an applied science that serves a wide range of production and life.
- Hydrology constantly draws nutrients from basic sciences such as mathematics, physics, and chemistry. It uses the laws and methods of mathematical mechanics to describe the motion of water; studies the thermal state of water bodies and explains the acoustic and optical phenomena in water bodies using thermal, acoustic and optical principles in physics; clarifies water based on the theory of chemical bonds and molecular associations The reasons and methods for the transformation of liquid, gaseous and solid state, etc.
- Because the hydrological cycle closely connects the hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere, hydrology is closely related to atmospheric science, geology, and physical geography in the earth science system.
Elementary Studies in Hydrology
- Hydrology began to study rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, and snow, and later extended to groundwater, atmospheric water, and ocean water. Traditional hydrology is divided into branches according to the research object, mainly including: river hydrology, lake hydrology, swamp hydrology, glacier hydrology, snow hydrology, hydrometeorology, groundwater hydrology, regional hydrology, and marine water Literature, etc.
- River hydrology, also known as river hydrology, studies the natural geographic features of rivers, river replenishment, runoff formation and changes, river water temperature and ice conditions, river sediment movement and river bed evolution, river water chemical composition, river and environmental Relationship, etc.
- Lake hydrology mainly studies the changes and movements of water in lakes, the physical characteristics and chemical composition of lake water, and the use of lake sediments.
- Swamp hydrology studies swamp runoff, the physicochemical properties of swamp water, the supply of rivers and lakes by swamps, and swamp improvement.
- Glacier hydrology mainly studies the distribution, formation, and movement of glaciers, the formation process of glacial meltwater runoff and its temporal and spatial distribution, the formation mechanism and prediction of sudden glacier floods, and the use of glacial water resources.
- Snow hydrology mainly studies the amount and distribution of snow cover, the process of snow melting, and the effects of snow melting water on rivers.
- Branch discipline-groundwater hydrology
- Hydrometeorology studies the interrelationship between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, including the hydrological cycle and water balance in the atmosphere, and the exchange of water between the atmosphere and the underlying surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. The law of development.
- Groundwater hydrology mainly studies the formation and movement of groundwater, the complementary supply of groundwater with rivers and lakes, and the evaluation and development of groundwater resources.
- Regional hydrology focuses on the study of hydrological phenomena in certain specific areas, such as estuary hydrology, sloping hydrology, plain hydrology, hydrology in karst areas, and hydrological phenomena in arid areas.
- Marine hydrology focuses on the physical properties and chemical composition of seawater, waves, tides, ocean currents, and coastal sand movement in the ocean. The above disciplines are also commonly referred to as general hydrology or hydrology.
Branch of hydrology
- Hydrological science mainly obtains information on the spatial and temporal distribution and movement changes of water bodies by means of fixed-point observations, field surveys and hydrological experiments (mainly field experiments). Therefore, three branches of hydrology, hydrology survey, and hydrology experiment have gradually formed.
- Hydrological testing studies how to accurately, economically, and quickly determine the quantity of various hydrological elements and their changes in time and space, mainly including the study of station network layout, testing methods, and data compilation methods. It also includes the development of measuring instruments and the research of data storage, retrieval and transmission systems.
- Hydrological survey is a field survey and investigation part of hydrology science. It aims to make scientific analysis and valuation of water body shape and quantity, and natural geography conditions within the catchment area. In China, surveys of historical heavy rains, historical floods and low water are important elements of hydrological surveys.
- Hydrological experiments aim to reveal certain laws of water movement and change in various links of the hydrological cycle through field and indoor experiments, such as the law of water infiltration into soil, the law of soil water movement, the law of runoff formation, and the evaporation of soil and water surface And the hydrological effects of human activities.
- As an applied science, hydrology science mainly includes branch disciplines such as engineering hydrology, agricultural hydrology, forest hydrology, urban hydrology, and medical (hygienic) hydrology. Among them, engineering hydrology has developed most rapidly.
- Engineering hydrology includes hydrological calculations, hydraulic calculations, and hydrological forecasting. Hydrological calculations and hydraulic calculations provide planning and design for various types of flood control projects, irrigation projects, hydropower generation, shipping projects, road and bridge engineering, and military engineering. Hydrological basis.
- Hydrological forecasting provides various forms of hydrological forecasting, such as flood, dry water, and ice conditions, for the construction and operation of the project and various departments of the national economy.
- Agricultural hydrology mainly studies the hydrological problems related to crop growth in the water-soil-plant system, with particular emphasis on the plant emission and soil water movement laws, and provides a hydrological basis for agricultural planning and crop yield increase.
- Forest hydrology focuses on the role of forests in the hydrological cycle, that is, the hydrological effects of forests, including the effects of forests on precipitation, evaporation, and runoff formation.
- Urban hydrology is a younger branch of hydrology that focuses on the issues of water resources in urban development, the environmental effects of market drainage, and the impact of cities on runoff formation.
Branch of Hydrology
- Since the 1950s, with the rapid development of science and technology, hydrology has continuously introduced new achievements in many other disciplines, and some new branch disciplines have emerged. For example, the application of remote sensing technology in hydrological surveys and hydrological forecasting has gradually increased. The formation of remote sensing hydrology; the application of nuclear technology in hydrological experiments and groundwater movement research gradually formed isotope hydrology; the introduction of stochastic process theory and methods, and gradually formed random hydrology.
- Although these new branch disciplines are not yet comparable to the original disciplines in the hydrological system in terms of maturity, they show that hydrology is continuing to divide and germinate new branches.
1 Hydrology Book 1
- Title: Water
- Author: China tube
- Publisher: Science Press
- Publication time: June 1, 2010
- ISBN: 9787030277008
- Folio: 16
- Price: 26.00 yuan
Introduction to Hydrology
- "Hydrology" comprehensively and systematically introduces the basic knowledge, basic theory and basic research methods of hydrology. The book is divided into introduction and nine chapters. The introduction explains the research objects of hydrology, the characteristics of hydrological phenomena, the emergence and development of hydrology; the first chapter discusses the theory of hydrological cycle and water balance; the second chapter discusses the water cycle Concepts and theories of each link; Chapters 3 to 6 discuss the hydrological laws and research methods of various water bodies such as rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, groundwater, and oceans; Chapters 7 and 8 discuss natural water quality And its protection and the hydrological effects of human activities; Chapter IX discusses the basic theory and methods of hydrological zoning.
- "Hydrology" can be used as a textbook or reference book for geography majors in normal universities, as well as a reference for students, teachers, scientific and technical personnel, and managers in related disciplines such as water conservancy, land management, urban and rural planning, environmental protection, resource development and management With books.
Hydrology Book Catalog
- sequence
- Foreword
- introduction
- Chapter 1 Water Cycle and Water Balance on Earth
- Section 1 Distribution of Water on Earth
- Section 2 The Water Cycle on Earth
- Section III Water Balance on Earth
- Section 4 Development of Water Cycle Research
- Chapter II Basic Links of the Water Cycle
- Section One Evaporation and Emission
- Section II Water Vapor Diffusion and Transportation
- Section III Precipitation
- Section IV Infiltration
- Fifth runoff
- Chapter III Rivers
- Section 1 Rivers, water systems and watersheds
- Section 2 Hydrological Elements of Rivers
- Theory and calculation of runoff formation in the third section
- Section 4 Hydrological Statistics Methods
- Section 5 Hydrological Situation of Rivers
- Chapter 4 Lakes, Swamps, and Glaciers
- Section 1 Lake
- The second swamp
- Glacier
- Chapter V Groundwater
- Section 1 Groundwater Occurrence
- Section 2 Types of Groundwater
- Section III Groundwater Movement
- Section 4 Dynamics and Equilibrium of Groundwater
- Chapter 6 Ocean
- Section 1 Distribution and Classification of the Ocean
- Section 2 Physical Properties of Seawater
- Section 3 Chemical Properties of Seawater
- Fourth quarter wave
- Section Tide
- Ocean Current
- Chapter VII Natural Water Quality and Protection
- Section 1 Natural Water Quality
- Section 2 Water Pollution
- Section III Water Quality Investigation and Evaluation
- Section 4 Water Quality Protection
- Chapter VIII Hydrological Effects of Human Activities
- Section 1 Hydrological effects of land use / cover change
- Hydrological effects of urbanization
- Section III Hydrological Effects of Water Conservancy and Water Conservation Projects
- Research Methods of Hydrological Effects of Human Activities
- Chapter IX Hydrological Divisions
- Section 1 Overview of Hydrological Divisions
- Section 2. Theories and methods of hydrological zoning
- Section 3 Hydrological Regionalization in China
2 Hydrology Book 2
- Title: Hydrology (trial textbooks for colleges and universities)
- ISBN: 711204642
- Author: Tian Shen Kuo Po
- Publisher: China Construction Industry Press
- Price: 22
- Pages: 0
- Publication date: 2005-12-1
- Edition: 1
- Folio: 16
- Packaging: Paperback
Introduction to Hydrology
- This book is based on the "Hydrology" textbook compiling outline revised in the 1983 National University Water Supply and Drainage Engineering Specialty Textbook Outline Conference. The content includes the hydrological cycle and the collection and arrangement of water resources, rivers, and hydrological data, basic knowledge and methods of hydrological statistics, annual runoff analysis and calculation, and low water and flood. Each chapter is accompanied by study guidance and review questions. This book can be used as a teaching book for water supply and drainage engineering majors and environmental engineering majors in colleges and universities, and can also be used as a teaching reference book for municipal engineering, environmental monitoring, hydrogeology, and road engineering.
Hydrology Directory
- introduction
- Chapter 1 Nature and Distribution of Water on Earth
- Section 1 Physics of Water on Earth
- Section 2 Chemistry of Water on Earth
- Section 3 Water Distribution and Water Resources on Earth
- Chapter 2 The Water Cycle on Earth
- Section 1 Water Cycle Overview
- Second water balance
- Section III Evaporation
- Section IV Water Vapor Diffusion and Transportation
- Section 5 Precipitation
- Section VI Infiltration
- Section 7 Runoff
- Chapter III Composition and Movement of Water on Land Surface
- Section 1 Composition and structure of water on land surface
- Section II Runoff Production and Convergence
- Section 3 Water Conditions of Rivers
- Section 4 River Movement
- Section 5 Glacier Movement and Supply
- Section 6: Movement and Storage of Lake Water
- Section 7 Runoff Convergence and Its Effect
- Chapter 4 The Structure of the Ocean and the Movement of the Water
- Section 1 Composition and Structure of the Ocean
- Second wave
- Chapter 6 Impact of Human Activities on the Water Environment
- Section I Hydrological Effects of Human Activities
- Impact of human activities on water quality