What Is Ionization Energy?

Ionization energy is the energy required for a gaseous atom in the ground state to lose its electrons and become a gaseous cation (ie, ionization). It is necessary to overcome the gravitational force of the nuclear charge on the electrons. The unit is kJ · mol ^-1 (I ₁ unit is J · mol-1). For multi-electron atoms, the energy required for a gaseous atom in the ground state to generate H ⁺ gaseous cations is called the first ionization potential. The commonly used symbol I ₁ indicates that the ionization potential should be positive because it takes energy to remove electrons from the atom. So called ionization energy.

A gaseous atom in the element ground state loses an electron and becomes a gaseous +1 valent cation. The energy to be absorbed at this time is called the element's first ionization energy (I ₁ ), which is usually called ionization energy, also called ionization potential. The gaseous + 1-valent cation loses one more electron and becomes a gaseous + 2-valent cation. The energy halo to be absorbed at this time is called the second ionization energy (I ₂ ), and the following I ₃ , I ₄ and so on can be deduced by analogy. The ionization energy gradually increases. X-rays are used as the excitation light source to irradiate the sample, so that the electrons in one of the "orbits" of the elemental atoms are suddenly excited by light. At this time, the movements of other electrons in the atoms are supposed to change. It is assumed that these other electrons are "frozen" in their respective orbits before they can adjust their motion state, so the binding energy of the electrons in the excited orbit is approximately equal to the absolute value of the orbital energy, which is the ionization energy of the electron The first electron lost by a sex atom is the one that has lost the highest energy level from the ground state atom. The orbital energy of the orbits in

Chemists have discovered that if the 1S electron of a gaseous hydrogen atom obtains 13.6 eV of energy, it will transition from the ground state to a high energy level of n = and become a free electron; the hydrogen atom loses an electron and becomes a positive monovalent gaseous cation. The ionization energy (I ₁ ) of hydrogen is 13.6 eV. For another example, the ionization energy of a typical alkali metal Na is 5.139eV (I ₁ ), which means that only 5.139eV energy is needed, and the Na atom will lose an outermost electron and become a metal cation. However, 5.139eV <13 6eV shows that Na is very metallic. Corresponding non-metallic elements, such as fluorine, have a first ionization energy of 17.422eV, which is greater than hydrogen I ₁ and much larger than Na I ₁ , which is sufficient to indicate that fluorine cannot be metallic, and the electron affinity of fluorine is 327.9kJ.mol, which means that when a fluorine atom is added to an electron, the energy of 327.9kJ.mol is released, that is, its ability to obtain electrons is very strong, and it is a typical non-metallic element. For the non-metallic and metallic properties of the atoms in the free state of the element, in chemical practice, the ability of atoms to attract electrons in the molecular environment is more discussed, and the concept of electronegativity is used at this time. This unified standard can put metallic elements and non-metallic elements together, and comprehensively examine their properties and their gradual changes in the periodic table. The aforementioned Na has an electronegativity of 0.9 and F has an electronegativity of 4.0, which is the largest of all elements, and of course the strongest non-metallic element. According to the general rule of Pauling's scale, the electronegativity of metal elements is below ~ 2.0, and the electronegativity of non-metal elements is above ~ 2.0. In this way, the two properties of judging elements have a unified scale, and there is also a boundary between two different elements.

It can be seen that the metallic and non-metallic properties of the elements are closely combined with the above three properties. Elemental ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity play an important role in determining the metallic and non-metallic quantitative scales of an element. However, chemistry theory arises from chemistry practice. In order to measure the strength of metallic and non-metallic elements in aqueous solution, we introduced the concept of element electrode potential. For metal elements, for example, the standard electrode potential of a copper half-cell is + 0.3419V, and the standard electrode potential of a zinc half-cell is -0.7618V. Obviously 0.3419> (-0.7618V), that is, zinc is stronger than copper. The electrode potential of zinc is much smaller than the electrode potential of copper. Metal zinc is a stronger reducing agent, while zinc ions can exist more stably in solution and are weak oxidants. In contrast, Cu is a stronger oxidant than Zn, and metallic copper is a weaker reducing agent than metallic zinc. In this way, the elemental electrode potential must be used to discuss the metallic or non-metallic strength of the element in the aqueous solution. ^[2]

Atomic orbital energy

The energy state of an orbit under the shield of other electrons is independent of the energy of other electrons. On the one hand, the energy of the electron's orbit is attracted by the nuclear charge, which reduces the energy. At the same time, it is shielded by the inner layer or other electrons with the same energy, which increases the potential energy and increases the energy. On the other hand, when When the main quantum number of the orbit in question is n> 3, the small peaks of the probability of the electron wave drilling into the inner layer increase one by one, which reduces the average energy of the electron correspondingly, which is equivalent to partially reducing the main quantum number. If the effective nuclear charge comes from the shielding effect, then the effective main quantum number comes from the drill-through effect. Therefore, the orbital energy of a multi-electron atom or ion needs to be calculated using the effective nuclear charge Z and the effective main quantum number n.

Orbital energy

Atomic orbital energy is actually the energy of a single electron moving in that orbital. Since the energy of each electron moving in the degenerate orbit is equal, the total energy of the electrons in the degenerate orbit is equal to the product of the orbit energy and the number of electrons.

Ionized electron

Ionization energy and electron affinity energy refer to the change in the energy of the system when each mole of gaseous atom or ion is ionized or receives 1 mole of electron, and the energy of the atom or ion system is fully reflected in the total energy of the electrons contained in the atom or ion Therefore, when calculating the ionization energy or electron affinity, the energy of the atom or ion system before and after the change must be calculated separately before the ionization energy or electron affinity can be calculated. ^[3]

This is a list of ionization energies of various elements in kJ · mol ^-1

1st to 10th ionization energy

Serial number	symbol	name	First ionization energy	Second ionization energy	Third ionization energy	Fourth ionization energy	Fifth ionization energy	Sixth ionization energy	Seventh ionization energy	Eighth ionization energy	Ninth ionization energy	Tenth ionization energy
0	Nu	Element 0	No electron

1	H	hydrogen	1312.0
2	He	helium	2372.3	5250.5
3	Li	lithium	520.2	7298.1	11,815.0
4	Be	beryllium	899.5	1757.1	14,848.7	21,006.6
5	B	boron	800.6	2427.1	3659.7	25,025.8	32,826.7
6	C	carbon	1086.5	2352.6	4620.5	6222.7	37,831	47,277.0
7	N	nitrogen	1402.3	2856	4578.1	7475.0	9444.9	53,266.6	64,360
8	O	oxygen	1313.9	3388.3	5300.5	7469.2	10,989.5	13,326.5	71,330	84,078.0
9	F	fluorine	1681.0	3374.2	6050.4	8407.7	11,022.7	15,164.1	17,868	92,038.1	106,434.3
10	Ne	neon	2080.7	3952.3	6122	9371	12,177	15,238	19,999.0	23,069.5	115,379.5	131,432
11	Na	sodium	495.8	4562	6910.3	9543	13,354	16,613	20,117	25,496	28,932	141,362
12	Mg	magnesium	737.7	1450.7	7732.7	10,542.5	13,630	18,020	21,711	25,661	31,653	35,458
13	Al	aluminum	577.5	1816.7	2744.8	11,577	14,842	18,379	23,326	27,465	31,853	38,473
14	Si	silicon	786.5	1577.1	3231.6	4355.5	16,091	19,805	23,780	29,287	33,878	38,726
15	P	phosphorus	1011.8	1907	2914.1	4963.6	6273.9	21,267	25,431	29,872	35,905	40,950
16	S	sulfur	999.6	2252	3357	4556	7004.3	8495.8	27,107	31,719	36,621	43,177
17	Cl	chlorine	1251.2	2298	3822	5158.6	6542	9362	11,018	33,604	38,600	43,961
18	Ar	Argon	1520.6	2665.8	3931	5771	7238	8781	11,995	13,842	40,760	46,186
19	K	Potassium	418.8	3052	4420	5877	7975	9590	11,343	14,944	16,963.7	48,610
20	Ca	calcium	589.8	1145.4	4912.4	6491	8153	10,496	12,270	14,206	18,191	20,385
twenty one	Sc	scandium	633.1	1235.0	2388.6	7090.6	8843	10,679	13,310	15,250	17,370	21,726
twenty two	Ti	titanium	658.8	1309.8	2652.5	4174.6	9581	11,533	13,590	16,440	18,530	20,833
twenty three	V	vanadium	650.9	1414	2830	4507	6298.7	12,363	14,530	16,730	19,860	22,240
twenty four	Cr	chromium	652.9	1590.6	2987	4743	6702	8744.9	15,455	17,820	20,190	23,580
25	Mn	manganese	717.3	1509.0	3248	4940	6990	9220	11,500	18,770	21,400	23,960
26	Fe	iron	762.5	1561.9	2957	5290	7240	9560	12,060	14,580	22,540	25,290
27	Co	cobalt	760.4	1648	3232	4950	7670	9840	12,440	15,230	17,959	26,570
28	Ni	nickel	737.1	1753.0	3395	5300	7339	10,400	12,800	15,600	18,600	21,670
29	Cu	copper	745.5	1957.9	3555	5536	7700	9900	13,400	16,000	19,200	22,400
30	Zn	Zinc	906.4	1733.3	3833	5731	7970	10,400	12,900	16,800	19,600	23,000
31	Ga	gallium	578.8	1979.3	2963	6180
32	Ge	germanium	762	1537.5	3302.1	4411	9020
33	As	arsenic	947.0	1798	2735	4837	6043	12,310
34	Se	selenium	941.0	2045	2973.7	4144	6590	7880	14,990
35	Br	bromine	1139.9	2103	3470	4560	5760	8550	9940	18,600
36	Kr	krypton	1350.8	2350.4	3565	5070	6240	7570	10,710	12,138	22,274	25,880
37	Rb	rubidium	403.0	2633	3860	5080	6850	8140	9570	13,120	14,500	26,740
38	Sr	strontium	549.5	1064.2	4138	5500	6910	8760	10,230	11,800	15,600	17,100
39	Y	yttrium	600	1180	1980	5847	7430	8970	11,190	12,450	14,110	18,400
40	Zr	zirconium	640.1	1270	2218	3313	7752	9500
41	Nb	niobium	652.1	1380	2416	3700	4877	9847	12,100
42	Mo	molybdenum	684.3	1560	2618	4480	5257	6640.8	12,125	13,860	15,835	17,980
43	Tc	Technetium	702	1470	2850
44	Ru	ruthenium	710.2	1620	2747
45	Rh	rhodium	719.7	1740	2997
46	Pd	palladium	804.4	1870	3177
47	Ag	silver	731.0	2070	3361
48	Cd	cadmium	867.8	1631.4	3616
49	In	indium	558.3	1820.7	2704	5210
50	Sn	tin	708.6	1411.8	2943.0	3930.3	7456
51	Sb	antimony	834	1594.9	2440	4260	5400	10,400
52	Te	tellurium	869.3	1790	2698	3610	5668	6820	13,200
53	I	iodine	1008.4	1845.9	3180
54	Xe	xenon	1170.4	2046.4	3099.4
55	Cs	cesium	375.7	2234.3	3400
56	Ba	barium	502.9	965.2	3600
57	La	lanthanum	538.1	1067	1850.3	4819	5940
58	Ce	cerium	534.4	1050	1949	3547	6325	7490
59	Pr	praseodymium	527	1020	2086	3761	5551
60	Nd	neodymium	533.1	1040	2130	3900
61	Pm	Promethium	540	1050	2150	3970
62	Sm	samarium	544.5	1070	2260	3990
63	Eu	europium	547.1	1085	2404	4120
64	Gd	gadolinium	593.4	1170	1990	4250
65	Tb	terbium	565.8	1110	2114	3839
66	Dy	dysprosium	573.0	1130	2200	3990
67	Ho	holmium	581.0	1140	2204	4100
68	Er	erbium	589.3	1150	2194	4120
69	Tm	thulium	596.7	1160	2285	4120
70	Yb	ytterbium	603.4	1174.8	2417	4203
71	Lu	Lutetium	523.5	1340	2022.3	4370	6445
72	Hf	hafnium	658.5	1440	2250	3216
73	Ta	Tantalum	761	1500
74	W	Tungsten	770	1700
75	Re	rhenium	760	1260	2510	3640
76	Os	osmium	840	1600
77	Ir	iridium	880	1600
78	Pt	platinum	870	1791
79	Au	gold	890.1	1980
80	Hg	HG	1007.1	1810	3300
81	Tl	thallium	589.4	1971	2878
82	Pb	lead	715.6	1450.5	3081.5	4083	6640
83	Bi	bismuth	703	1610	2466	4370	5400	8520
84	Po	polonium	812.1
85	At	Astatine	899.003
86	Rn	radon	1037
87	Fr	francium	380
88	Ra	radium	509.3	979.0
89	Ac	Actinium	499	1170	1900	4700
90	Th	thorium	587	1110	1978	2780
91	Pa	protactinium	568	1128	1814	2991
92	U	uranium	597.6	1420	1900	3145
93	Np	Neptunium	604.5	1128	1997	3242
94	Pu	Plutonium	584.7	1128	2084	3338
95	Am	Americium	578	1158	2132	3493
96	Cm	curium	581	1196	2026	3550
97	Bk	Pei	601	1186	2152	3434
98	Cf	Californium	608	1206	2267	3599
99	Es	Einsteinium	619	1216	2334	3734
100	Fm	Fermium	627	1225	2363	3792
101	Md	mendelevium	635	1235	2470	3840
102	No	Nuo	642	1254	2643	3956
103	Lr	Lawrencium	470	1428	2228	4910
104	Rf	furnace	579.9	1389.4	2296.4	3077.9
105	Db	Dudu	664.8	1546.7	2378.4	3298.8	4305.2
106	Sg	Li	757.4	1732.9	2483.5	3415.6	4561.8	5715.8
107	Bh	Aibo	742.9	1688.5	2566.5	3598.9	4727.8	5991.7	7226.8
108	Hs	Dark	733.3	1756.0	2827.0	3637.5	4940.0	6175.1	7535.5	8857.4
109	Mt	Meitnerium	800.8	1823.6	2904.2	3859.4	4920.8
110	Ds	Da	955.2	1891.1	3029.6	3955.9	5113.7
111	Rg	Roentgenium	1022.7	2074.4	3077.9	4052.4	5306.7
112	Cn	Copernicium	1154.9	2170.0	3164.7	4245.4	5499.7
113	Nh	Xi	704.9	2238.5	3023.3	4351.5	5692.6
114	Fl	Fu	823.9	1601.6	3367.3	4399.7	5847.0
115	Mc	ROBOT	538.4	1756.0	2653.3	4679.5	5721.6
116	Lv	Li	723.6	1331.5	2846.3	3811.2	6078.6
117	Ts	Ts	742.9	1785.0 1920.1
118	Og	Og	839.4	1563.1
119	Uue	Uue	463.1	1698.1
120	Ubn	Ubn	578.9	895.4 918.5
121	Ubu	Ubu	429.4
122	Ubb	Ubb	540.4	1090.4	1968.5	2618.9

11th to 20th ionization energy

Atomic order	symbol	name	11th	12th	13th	14th	15th	16th	17th	18th	19th	20th
11	Na	sodium	159,076
12	Mg	magnesium	169,988	189,368
13	Al	aluminum	42,647	201,266	222,316
14	Si	silicon	45,962	50,502	235,196	257,923
15	P	phosphorus	46,261	54,110	59,024	271,791	296,195
16	S	sulfur	48,710	54,460	62,930	68,216	311,048	337,138
17	Cl	chlorine	51,068	57,119	63,363	72,341	78,095	352,994	380,760
18	Ar	Argon	52,002	59,653	66,199	72,918	82,473	88,576	397,605	427,066
19	K	Potassium	54,490	60,730	68,950	75,900	83,080	93,400	99,710	444,880	476,063
20	Ca	calcium	57,110	63,410	70,110	78,890	86,310	94,000	104,900	111,711	494,850	527,762
twenty one	Sc	scandium	24,102	66,320	73,010	80,160	89,490	97,400	105,600	117,000	124,270	547,530
twenty two	Ti	titanium	25,575	28,125	76,015	83,280	90,880	100,700	109,100	117,800	129,900	137,530
twenty three	V	vanadium	24,670	29,730	32,446	86,450	94,170	102,300	112,700	121,600	130,700	143,400
twenty four	Cr	chromium	26,130	28,750	34,230	37,066	97,510	105,800	114,300	125,300	134,700	144,300
25	Mn	manganese	27,590	30,330	33,150	38,880	41,987	109,480	118,100	127,100	138,600	148,500
26	Fe	iron	28,000	31,920	34,830	37,840	44,100	47,206	122,200	131,000	140,500	152,600
27	Co	cobalt	29,400	32,400	36,600	39,700	42,800	49,396	52,737	134,810	145,170	154,700
28	Ni	nickel	30,970	34,000	37,100	41,500	44,800	48,100	55,101	58,570	148,700	159,000
29	Cu	copper	25,600	35,600	38,700	42,000	46,700	50,200	53,700	61,100	64,702	163,700
30	Zn	Zinc	26,400	29,990	40,490	43,800	47,300	52,300	55,900	59,700	67,300	171,200
36	Kr	krypton	29,700	33,800	37,700	43,100	47,500	52,200	57,100	61,800	75,800	80,400
38	Sr	strontium	31,270
39	Y	yttrium	19,900	36,090
42	Mo	molybdenum	20,190	22,219	26,930	29,196	52,490	55,000	61,400	67,700	74,000	80,400

^[3]

Atomic order	symbol	name	21st	22nd	23rd	24th	25th	26th	27th	28th	29th	30th
twenty one	Sc	scandium	582,163
twenty two	Ti	titanium	602,930	639,294
twenty three	V	vanadium	151,440	661,050	699,144
twenty four	Cr	chromium	157,700	166,090	721,870	761,733
25	Mn	manganese	158,600	172,500	181,380	785,450	827,067
26	Fe	iron	163,000	173,600	188,100	195,200	851,800	895,161
27	Co	cobalt	167,400	178,100	189,300	204,500	214,100	920,870	966,023
28	Ni	nickel	169,400	182,700	194,000	205,600	221,400	231,490	992,718	1,039,668
29	Cu	copper	174,100	184,900	198,800	210,500	222,700	239,100	249,660	1,067,358	1,116,105
30	Zn	Zinc	179,100
36	Kr	krypton	85,300	90,400	96,300	101,400	111,100	116,290	282,500	296,200	311,400	326,200
42	Mo	molybdenum	87,000	93,400	98,420	104,400	121,900	127,700	133,800	139,800	148,100	154,500