What Are the Different Types of Niche Research?

Niche refers to the position occupied by a population in the ecosystem, in time and space, and its functional relationship and role with related populations. The niche is also known as the ecological niches. Represents the minimum threshold of habitats necessary for the survival of each organism in the ecosystem.

Ecological niche refers to the spatial and temporal position and functional relationship of each individual or population in a population or community.

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Two have similar functional niche but are distributed in different

In 1910, American scholar RH Johnson first used the term niche in ecological discourse. In 1917, J. Grinnell's article "Niche Relations in California " spread the term, but what he paid attention to at the time was the species flora, so he focused on

Niche width use

The combination of environmental factors (temperature, food, surface humidity, living environment, etc.) of the niche constitute the concept niche space. This is an n-dimensional hypervolume, but for visualization reasons, it will be simplified into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional unitary bitmap for display. Each environmental factor becomes a

Basic niche : It is part of the niche space, and a species has the possibility to survive in it. This basic niche is determined by the variability and adaptability of the species, not its geographical factors. In other words, the basic niche is the niche under laboratory conditions, and there is no predator or competition.

Real niche : part of the basic niche, but taking into account

Although the two regions are geographically separated, they have similar abiotic factors, and the species living in these two regions will occupy similar niche. This will cause

The number of niche is related to the climate, geography and biological factors of the ecosystem. The corresponding species numbers can vary greatly due to differences in these factors. Polar, e.g.

So far, we have only dealt with a single locally-breeding population or cohort: Next, we consider C-H-W equilibrium, mutations, natural selection, and random genetic drift and their effects in mono-breeding populations, but the entire Populations of species rarely form a single large breeding population. Instead, the species population is often subdivided into many separate breeding populations in a certain way. If not, the range of the species is usually too large, so that individuals in different parts of the range are isolated from each other and have no chance to mate. For example, Massachusetts rabbits do not mate with Minnesota rabbits because vertical physical distances separate them. Therefore, the population structure or the spatial distribution of the species population may be important.

To discuss population structure, several additional terms must be introduced. In the comparison of homogeneous groups or local breeding populations, we will use the expression of more general Mendelian populations to represent individual systems linked by mating and family bonds, or breeding companions with a common gene bank. In this way, a Mendelian population can be considered as small as a cohort or as large as an entire species. Polymorphic mutations represent mutations within a cohort. The word co-located means living in the same homeland, and also means members of the same cohort or those individuals who at least become potential mating due to proximity. A more quantitative definition is that co-distributed stone Qi bodies refer to those organisms that have been found at an average distance between the location of an individual and its offspring. This definition is a rough measure of the area in which an individual's potential spouse must live. The remote distribution means that they live in another homeland, and the individuals of Zhongdong live so far away that they cannot become potential spouses. Parallel distribution means living in adjacent areas, which means that geographically adjacent populations may mate along contact zones. Therefore, polymorphic mutations are mutations within cohorts, and different cohorts are often genetically different from each other. Therefore, abnormalities between cohorts are called polymorphic mutations.

The extreme types of population structure are continuous and discontinuous. A completely discontinuous distribution is called an island model, in which each population is clearly distinguished, well-defined, and isolated from each other. It is true that it can represent not only island populations separated from each other by water, but also populations occupying a series of lakes or ponds or pits or swamps or small woodlands surrounded by savanna or small grasslands surrounded by woods. The island model is suitable for any situation where a habitat area that is favorable to a species and its similar areas are separated by an unfavorable habitat. Continuous distribution can be found in large, uniform habitats such as coniferous forests in northern North America or deciduous forests in the east or prairie in the west. Although this type of environment may appear uniform on the surface, the population cannot be uniform. Even if the population is uniform, true random mating is not possible due to distance isolation ^[2]

In ecology, niche refers to the specific time position, spatial position, and functional status of a species with other species in ecosystems and communities. The concept of niche not only represents the characteristics of the living space, but also the characteristics of the living organisms, such as energy sources, activity time, behavior, and inter-specific relationships. The concept of niche not only refers to living space, it mainly emphasizes the function and status of biological organisms in their communities, especially the nutritional relationship with other species. Therefore, in nature, species with close ties and close living needs and habits are usually distributed in different geographical areas, or in different habitats in the same area, or adopt other lifestyles to avoid competition, such as day and night or season Differences in activities, differences in food habits, etc. In the process of forming its own niche, organisms follow the following principles: the principle of adaptation, the principle of competition, the principle of development, and the principle of balance. Adaptation principle refers to the fact that organisms seek a good niche out of their instinctual needs. The result of this adaptation behavior results in the flow of resources needed by the organism. The principle of competition takes place between different organisms competing for resources and environmental factors. The principle of pioneering means that living beings continuously explore and occupy all available niche ecosystems. The principle of balance means that as an open biological ecosystem, it always succeeds in the direction of trying to reduce the ecological potential (the gap between the ideal ecological niche and the actual ecological niche caused by competition) because an ecological potential is too large The system is an unstable system. The above-mentioned adaptation and competition principles explain the roots of biological competition behavior, the pioneering principle shows that organisms can actively change their own conditions, and the balance principle shows that each organism will find an optimal niche in the entire ecosystem. This requires organisms to find their most appropriate niche through the most appropriate competition strategy.

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Niche business competition

The situation in the business world is very similar to that in the biological world, and different companies also have their own "niche." Many small and medium-sized enterprises with very small scale and strength can also survive and develop in the market with giant enterprises that can be described as behemoths. The fundamental reason is that they have different ecological niche.

Each species in the natural world undergoes natural selection during the evolution process to form a specific form and function, occupying a specific niche in ecological space, and forming a diversity of living systems. In natural ecosystems, only living systems with overlapping ecological niche can compete for the niche. Competition is the most suitable ecological area for survival. The niche of a natural species is actually the space of ecological resources that can be obtained and used by the species. The wider the niche, the stronger the adaptability of the species, the more resources available, and the stronger the species' competitiveness.

An enterprise is different from a natural life system. The competition between natural life systems is a competition for existing resources in the existing resource space. Natural life cannot create the resource space it needs, and the enterprise generally does not have In a specific form, he can not only develop into operating any industry and product, but also create the living space he needs to survive. Therefore, the competitive niche selection of enterprises is manifested in the existing ecological space and the ecological space innovation choice.

Niche competition strategy

1. Misplaced business strategy

Misaligned operation means that the company chooses to distinguish it from competition according to its own resource combination and utilization efficiency.

Rival development focuses on production and management. In the course of business management, as the principle of niche separation shows, companies should be separated from each other to form misaligned operations, tacitly interdependent and mutually reinforcing, so as to avoid price wars, product wars and advertising wars, and seek common development. The main contents of misaligned management of enterprises are:

(1) Misplacement in business hours: In the business process, companies should implement day and night time misalignment like eagles and owls.

(2) Dislocation of business space: All businesses and enterprises may not drill into the bustling city center. They should choose living spaces that are conducive to their own development, like medicines in swamps.

(3) Dislocations in operating functions: Including dislocations in business scale, business grade, business format, and business category. All enterprises should adopt a reasonable layout combining multiple business formats according to the different purchasing power of the local area, choose their own niche, and avoid excessive brutal competition.

2.Niche expansion strategy

In the process of development, enterprises must control and optimize their niche to adapt to and transform the ecological environment. Niche control includes two aspects: expanding the niche and adjusting the niche. The successful development of an enterprise must be good at expanding and adjusting the niche to transform and adapt to the environment. Only adapt to the lack of development stability and flexibility; only adapt to the lack of development speed and intensity. In the process of growth, enterprises must grasp the speed of expansion of the niche, avoid too fast, make the development of the enterprise lose continuity, and fail in the competition.

3.Virtual niche strategy

The status of corporate ecological resources is of decisive significance for the corporate ecological niche. As human society moves from an industrial society to an information society, the extension and connotation of the concept of corporate ecological resources and the way in which enterprises occupy ecological resources are undergoing profound changes. In the information society, knowledge will exist as the dominant resource and production factor. The competition between enterprises is not mainly competition between natural resources and other tangible capital, but competition with how much knowledge and technology, and knowledge innovation. The intensification of competition in the information society and the acceleration of environmental changes have made it impossible for companies to rely solely on their own ecological resources to meet the needs of the market. The sharing of virtual niche and ecological resources has expanded the ecological space for the development of enterprises. The essence of virtual niche is to give play to its own advantages, effectively integrate external resources and forces, expand its own ecological resources, and reduce costs and improve competitiveness. purpose. Therefore, enterprises should be good at using and establishing a virtual niche to enrich their ecological resources, improve the survival and competitive environment, and occupy a favorable niche. The huge global network and the speed of light flow of information make the sharing of corporate ecological resources simple and convenient.

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