What Is the Mirror Test?

Microscopy is short for microscopy. It is to take the sample to be tested, make a slice, observe, analyze and judge under a microscope. Human excreta, secretions, exfoliated cells or human tissues, animal tissues, and even plant cells can be used as microscopy. A commonly used range is to assist in the diagnosis of a disease.

Microscopy

Sputum test

Normal range: A small amount of neutrophils, epithelial cells and dust cells can be found in normal human sputum.

Test introduction: This test is to observe the cells in the sputum with a microscope, including red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells and dust cells, as well as fibers, crystals and fat drops.

Clinical significance: Microscopy of sputum helps to diagnose some characteristic diseases of the respiratory system.

1.

Urine cytology

Normal range: No tumor cells were found.

Test introduction: Urine cytology is to observe the presence of malignant tumor cells in the specimen. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

Clinical significance: This test is mainly used to find malignant tumors of the urinary system. Reported as "tumor cells found", approximately 95% are transitional epithelial cell carcinomas. According to the degree of differentiation of cancer cells, transitional epithelial cell carcinoma can be further divided into papilloma, transitional cell carcinoma class I, transitional cell carcinoma class II, and transitional cell carcinoma class III. Squamous epithelial and adenocarcinomas are rare. Cancer cells of kidney tumors are not easily seen in urine. Usually, patients with tumors of the urinary system will have painless hematuria, that is, blood in the urine, but the patient does not feel abdominal and back pain, and there is no pain when urinating, so it should be vigilant.

Vaginal cytology

Normal range: No tumor cells were found, or cytology grade 1 or 2.

Inspection introduction: Cytological examination is mainly used for the general survey of malignant tumors of female reproductive system. The female reproductive organs consist of the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Clinical significance: find tumor cells or cytology grade 5, indicating malignant tumors, such as cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, vaginal cancer, and uterine cancer. Cervical cancer is more common as squamous cell carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma). Ovarian and uterine cancers are mainly adenocarcinomas. Vaginal cancer is also mainly squamous cell carcinoma. Grade 4 cytology, indicating that the patient should have a biopsy. Grade 3 cytology indicates that patients should continue to be followed up and have regular cytology examinations.

Exfoliating Cell Examination

Normal range: grading standard for cytological diagnosis, according to the Pap method.

Examination introduction: Cancer tissue has high metabolism, the surface of cancer cells lacks calcium and hyaluronidase, the adhesion to each other is lower than normal cells, and it is easy to fall off.

Clinical significance: Suspected of oral cancer, it should be taken at any nodule and persistent ulcer in the mouth

Microscopy

kind. When nasopharyngeal cancer is suspected, the suspected part of the nasopharynx is sampled. When lung cancer is highly suspected, fresh sputum from bronchial cough should be taken, or the secretions at the lesion site should be taken under the direct view of fiberbronchoscope. Suspected breast cancer can take nipple discharge smear examination, or remove breast masses for pathological examination. Suspected esophageal cancer should be performed on the x-ray prompt site by pulling the esophagus, or wipe the lesion under the direct view of the esophagus to take samples. When planning to diagnose gastric cancer, gastric lavage fluid or gastric fluid should be taken as a sediment specimen, or the lesion should be sampled under the direct view of fiber gastroscope. In the duodenal drainage fluid, if cancer cells are found, it is very helpful for the diagnosis of duodenal cancer, biliary tract cancer, and pancreatic head cancer. Sampling and examination of the duodenal suspicious area under the direct view of the endoscope is effective for the detection of cancer in the visible range. With retrograde pancreaticobiliary angiography (ERCP), samples can be taken from suspicious tumors in the ampulla of pepticus. When rectal cancer is suspected, the lesion can be wiped under the direct view of the rectum. For high-level colon cancer, fiber colonoscopy sampling under direct vision can improve the detection rate of cancer cells. When meningeal cancer, leukemia, or lung cancer is suspected to metastasize to the brain, check for cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is necessary to find cancer cells if it is suspected of metastatic pleural or ascites. Suspected ureteral and bladder cancer, morning urine should be taken to find cancer cells. Prostate cancer is suspected, and a prostate secretion smear should be taken and examined. For patients with cervical erosion, cervical smears or scrapes can be used to find cancer cells. As a main method for screening cervical cancer, if there is "cervical degeneration", it should be followed up and examined. Use a uterine pipette to extract secretions and find cancer cells, which is helpful for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer.