What is hydraulic cleavage?
hydraulic cleavage is a method used to break oil and gas rock formations that create passages for fuel flow from the rock to the production well. This is achieved by using hydraulic pressure to injure fluid containing sand or some other abrasive material into a rock with sufficient force to cause cracks. This technology is used to stimulate oil or gas flow in new holes and to revive production in wells that were considered exhausted. France, Great Britain, Colombia, Argentina, Romania, Venezuela, Indonesia and Russia. Breaking is considered to be a valuable mechanism for increasing domestic energy production by making previously unattainable reserves.
hydraulic cleavage is also the key to ensuring the development of slate oil financially. Gas producers claim that most slate reserves in the United States are in rocks that cannot be accessed without breaking. Shale is a sedimentary rock made of a material compressed hlíns, mud and organic plants. This rock is not permeable, which means that it does not allow to pass through liquids, so the extraction of gas from slate requires breakage.
hydraulic cleavage involves drawing liquid through the well to an underground rock formation by means of sufficient pressure to cause cracks in the rock. The most common liquid agent is water, although in some cases diesel can be used diesel, raw oil, diluted hydrochloric acid or kerosene. The water is mixed with several chemicals and guar, a natural substance made of beans that gives water a gel consistency. The water mixture is a primala system for a substance, usually granular substance such as sand or aluminum pellets that keep the crack open after water is handed over.
hydraulic pressure is used to pump a mixture of water through drilling pipes or tubes and a rock. After the water has created several marketsLIN in the rock formation, the pressure is released and the water is inserted into the well. Cracks begin to close, but are "leaning" open with sand or other optics reagents, allowing gas or oil to flow towards the well. Packaging and cement are installed as part of the process to prevent fluid leakage from the well to the water surface.
small traces of liquid mixture remain in the rock and the presence of toxic chemicals in the mixture was the cause of environmental interest. Technological progress is constantly carried out to prevent any leakage of contese into the water level. In the United States, the environmental aggregate of Protection Agency (EPA), groundwater protection Council (GUPC) and interstate commissions for compact oil and gas (IOGCC) performed tests to determine the impact of hydraulic environmental cleavage. EPA tests included shallow wells, which most likely pose a threat to groundwater. In any case tests were unable to detect any negatiInfluence of environmental impact.