What is the glass production process?
The glass production process can be traced up to 3500 BC when the ceramic ceramics was covered with a glass surface glaze. Although there are many modern variations on the production process of glass for industrial and scientific use, traditional glass used to make windows, food and drink containers and ornamental shapes are still made from the same three ingredients used in antiquity. It is sand, sodium bicarbonate based on alkalia, referred to as "soda ash" and lime from limestone. These three main ingredients are connected together in an oven at a temperature of approximately 2,500 ° Fahrenheit (1,371 ° C), after which several small ingredients can be added to change glass color or brilliance. It then cools down several hundred degrees, so it can be shaped by blowing, pressing or attracted to pipes, bowls, mirrors, windows and more. The top of about 4,100 ° Fahrenheit (2,200 ° C) to 2,700 ° Fahrenheit (1,482 ° Cels). The ash, howeverTo prevent this, and other chemicals, such as aluminum oxide, are now replaced by lime because they offer greater chemical stability. Soda-Lime Glass still accounts for 90% of all glass.
When the glass is cooled, it is easier to form into a mold, but it must be re -heated during the glass production process to add strength to prevent breaking. This procedure is called annealing. Another temperament process to strengthen the glass is also used in its re -heating and then suddenly cool it with cold air explosions.
The most common method of shaping in the production process of glass in antiquity included air blowing into the ball of molten glass on the end, hollow pipes that the Romans improved for the production of beautiful vases and bowls. Float Glass Manufacture, invented in 1959 by the British Society, is the largest current production method made by pouring molten glass into the RO tanka tin on the surface. The glass floats on top of the tin and is formed into extremely smooth leaves, which can then be cut into windows. The Dolomite is often included in the glass of metal glass glasses below 0.1%to maintain colorless glass quality. Drawing a stream of molten glass around the interior of the metal cylinder, when rotating and the air is pumped in, is another frequent production process of glass, which is used to create a wide range of glass pipes for bulbs, vacuum tubes and glass used in laboratories.
Other types of specialized glass include lead glass, which contains at least 20% lead oxide and is brilliant when cut and facet. Glass products resistant to heat used in cooking bowls and laboratories are produced by adding 5% boric oxide or aluminosilicate of the compound. Color glass products are produced by adding iron sulfides for brown and amber colors, iron chromate for green shades and white cobalt for shades of blue. NatureThe blown glass has a red to orange color without required any chemical ingredients.