What Are the Best Ways to Stop Spitting up Phlegm?

The method of sputum induction is a non-invasive method to study the nature and extent of asthmatic airway inflammation by inducing sputum production by inhaling aerosolized hypertonic saline, and further analyzing the cellular components in the sputum and the soluble medium of the supernatant.

Induced sputum method

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The method of sputum induction is a non-invasive method to study the nature and extent of asthmatic airway inflammation by inducing sputum production by inhaling aerosolized hypertonic saline, and further analyzing the cellular components in the sputum and the soluble medium of the supernatant.

Induced sputum method

The method of sputum induction is a non-invasive method to study the nature and extent of asthmatic airway inflammation by inducing sputum production by inhaling aerosolized hypertonic saline, and further analyzing the cellular components in the sputum and the soluble medium of the supernatant. At present, it is mainly used for the research of the airway inflammation mechanism of asthma, but it is also meaningful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of airway disease, the observation of drug efficacy, and the exploration of its mechanism.

The induced sputum method is suitable for:

1. Differential diagnosis of asthma and other respiratory diseases.

2. Understand the characteristics of airway inflammation in asthma patients and other respiratory diseases.

3. Investigate the cause of exacerbation of airway inflammatory diseases.

4. Expected efficacy of glucocorticoids. The increase of eosinophils in sputum of asthma patients may be a predictor of satisfactory effect of hormone therapy, and has application value in clinical work.

5. Evaluate the effects of drugs on airway inflammation. By observing the changes in the cellular components and inflammatory mediators, molecular biology, and immunology in sputum before and after drug treatment, we can help us study the mechanism of drug action.

1. Any patient with a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) <1L.

2. Recent hemoptysis.

3. Patients with the following conditions.

(1) moderate to severe acute exacerbation (exacerbation) of asthma.

(2) Acute or chronic respiratory failure.

(3) Pneumothorax or mediastinal emphysema.

(4) A large amount of pleural effusion or pericardial effusion caused by various reasons.

(5) Severe cardiac insufficiency.

4. Active tuberculosis.

1. The indications and contraindications must be strictly controlled, and lung function tests must be performed before surgery.

2. Explain the purpose and importance of this method to patients, gain patient understanding, and actively cooperate

3. 2 receptor agonist should be inhaled before induction operation.

4. Bring the prepared articles to the patient's bed, and the sputum specimens must be sent for examination in time.

1. The inhalation of hypertonic saline constitutes a non-specific stimulus to the airway, which can cause the contraction of airway smooth muscles and reduce the ventilation function. The effect on the ventilation function of asthmatic patients with airway hyperresponsiveness is particularly significant. Indications and contraindications must be strictly grasped during the method, and lung function tests must be performed before surgery. Those who do not have the conditions to perform a pulmonary function test may not perform this operation at will. The number of lung function tests varies from case to case.

2. During the process of sputum induction, the operator must pay attention to the patient's response, and there should be rescue facilities on site.

3. 2 receptor agonists should be inhaled before and after the induction operation.

4. Sputum specimens induced by inhalation of hypertonic saline should be processed as soon as possible, because sputum may contain saliva, so sputum specimens should be screened. The specimens must first be identified from the upper or lower respiratory tract. This can be observed by microscopic examination 3. Count the squamous epithelial cells to judge. If they originate from the airway below the glottis, there are fewer squamous epithelial cells.

5. The induced sputum should be selected. The sticky part can be selected as needed or the part without squamous epithelial cells can be processed by inverted microscope. The total number of sputum cells, the number of viable cells, the eosinophils and the supernatant. The content of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in liquid is higher than that in whole sputum. Saliva-induced sputum is diluted before analysis, so it is actually a semi-quantitative method. Another method is to treat the entire discharge, including saliva and sputum. Comparing the two sputum treatment methods, it was found that the non-squamous epithelial cells obtained by the above-mentioned second treatment method had a higher proportion of neutrophils, and a higher concentration of eosinophil cationic protein in the supernatant. Regardless of which method is used, the specimen must be liquefied with 0.1% dithiothreitol (DTT). DTT can open the cross-linked disulfide bonds between glycoprotein fiber filaments, thereby dissolving mucus and dispersing cells.

6. Complications are generally safe if performed strictly in accordance with operating procedures. The main complication is bronchospasm, which causes asthma-like attacks.