What Are Hypothalamic Hormones?

Hypothalamic hormones are a general term for a series of peptide hormones produced by cells of different types of neural nucleus in the hypothalamus. They can effectively regulate and control the synthesis and secretion of various hormones in the anterior pituitary gland, thereby controlling the activities of some major endocrine glands throughout the body.

Hypothalamic hormone

Hypothalamic hormones are

Hypothalamic hormone is stored in

The structured and artificially synthesized hypothalamus hormones are as follows:

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

(TRH, tripeptide), and its structural formula is: Pyroglutamyl group, Proline. Its main physiological role is to promote the production of anterior pituitary 1 2 3 and release thyroid-stimulating hormone. It also has some effects of stimulating prolactin secretion from the pituitary. TRH is widely distributed. In addition to the median hump and preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, motor neurons in other brain regions and spinal cord are also present and concentrated in nerve endings; this peptide is also found in the gastrointestinal tract. Its half-life is about 2 minutes. Synthetic TRH is used in the clinical diagnosis of thyroid disorders as a reference index for identifying hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH or LHRH, decapeptide), LHRH from mammals has the structural formula: scorch-group, color, silk, casein, sweet, bright, refined, preserved, glycan. The LHRH of birds and fish are structurally different. LHRH is closely related to reproduction, and can stimulate the production and secretion of two gonadotropins-luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the anterior pituitary. The effect on the former is particularly significant. At the beginning of puberty, adolescent menarche and the ovulation of women of childbearing age before physiological phenomena such as LHRH secretion increase significantly, are important indicators of sexual development and maturity. People have been able to synthesize LHRH and analogs that are more than a hundred times more active. They can stimulate the release of gonadotropins and induce ovulation in humans, mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. These peptide drugs have a good effect on ovulation and ovulation of freshwater fish, and can be used as fish oxytocin. Clinically, LHRH and its high-efficiency analogues can be used in pituitary excitability tests. The former can be used as a reference indicator for diagnosing etiologies such as developmental abnormalities, amenorrhea, anovulation, and sperm deficiency, or identifying hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. If used properly or in combination with other drugs, they can have a certain effect on hypothalamic infertility, secondary amenorrhea, and amenorrhea caused by long-term use of steroidal contraceptives in some normal women. However, if it is used for a long time and in large doses, there will be some paradoxical phenomena, that is, it will first show gonadotropin release and other effects, and then interfere with the secretory activities of the pituitary or gonads and cause sexual function decline.

Somatostatin

GRIH or SRIF, a tetradecapeptide, whose structural formula is C.glycine, cysteine, lye, asparagine, phenylpropyl, phenylpropyl, color, lye, sue, phenylpropyl, sue, silk, cysteine. It was first isolated from the hypothalamus and was named for inhibiting the release of pituitary growth hormone. In fact, it is distributed in multiple places, both in the nerve center and hypothalamus, as well as in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. It has multiple functions, such as neurotransmitter-like, hormone, and paracrine regulatory factors. It has a wide range of effects, such as inhibiting the release of pituitary growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and other hormones from the digestive system, as well as reducing gastric acid secretion and gastric and gallbladder peristalsis. Wait. This peptide is also secreted by -cells in the Lang's Island of the pancreas, which inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin by adjacent - and -cells. Somatostatin 28 peptide was also isolated in the body, that is, it stretched fourteen amino acid residues before the amino terminus of SRIF-14, and its ability to inhibit insulin secretion was stronger than that of SRIF-14. SRIF-like peptides are also found in lower animals.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

(CRH or CRF, forty-one peptide amide), its structure is basically the same in different mammals, and can stimulate the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and endorphin (an endogenous effect with morphine-like analgesia and other effects) Sex thirty-one peptide). Under stress, the role of CRF is more obvious. It is a chemical signal that coordinates flexible responses such as nerves, endocrine, and alert behavior.

Growth hormone releasing hormone

(GHRH) A peptide compound that regulates body growth isolated from the hypothalamus of pigs, sheep, mice, and humans. Human GHRH is a forty-four peptide amide that stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Others include melatonin releasing factor (MRF) and melatonin releasing inhibitor (MRIF), prolactin releasing factor (PRF) and prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF).

Antidiuretic hormone

(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone is also called vasopressin. The first role of antidiuretic hormone is to manage the urine output of the kidney. There are glomeruli and tubules inside the kidney. When the blood flows through the kidney, it is filtered from the glomerulus. It filters the water, glucose, salts and waste in the kidney into the tubules. The tubules are very long. It can selectively reabsorb water, glucose, and salts that are still useful to the body, and the part that is still not absorbed finally becomes the actual urine discharged to the body. Antidiuretic hormones manage the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules. When antidiuretic hormone is secreted for a long time, the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules increases, and urine output decreases. When the amount of antidiuretic hormone secretion is small, the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules decreases and the urine output increases. Diabetes insipidus is caused by the body's lack of antidiuretic hormones. The second role of antidiuretic hormones is to contract small arteries throughout the body and increase blood pressure, which can be used for the treatment of certain bleeding.