What is an effector?
Effectors are substances or structures that cause activity such as a nerve that causes muscle bending or cell causing an immune response to a foreign substance. There can also be an effector molecule that binds and changes with protein by causing an increase in or reducing its activity. Effector cells are found in the nervous system and in the immune system. The nerve endings act as effectors when they transmit impulses to different glands, muscles and organs to cause bending, secretions and other functions.
molecules that are effectors can act as activators or inhibitors. As an activator, they can be bound by enzyme and cause its activity to increase its activity and the inhibitor does the opposite. This type of effector is widely used by the pharmaceutical industry.
Some medicines act as inhibitors to repair chemical imbalances or kill a pathogen. Pathogens are microorganisms that can be potentially harmful to the body. Protease inhibitors are used to treat viruses. Protease is enZym that breaks down proteins. The inhibitor disrupts how the virus works and inhibits its activity.
In terms of immune system, effector cells or B and T lymphocytes, they are produced in response to a specific stimulus such as antigen to perform a specific function. Lymphocytes are cells of short -term living, which are part of the immediate immunological response of the body. Effector cells are one type of cell produced during clonal selection. Clonal selection is a process in which B and T lymphocytes are created and is part of the primary immune response .
The whole immunological repertoire of the human being develops in the womb, because every lymphocyte has a unique antibody on its surface. When antigen enters the body - which can be any foreign substance - he has encountered lymphocytes. Each lymphocyte can distinguish between varost antigens using proteins on its surface called antigenreceptors . Once the correct match is made, the right antibodies can be created.
Another type of immunological effector cells are memory cells. Memory cells are not actively involved in the primary immune response, but are very important for the secondary immune response . These cells are produced during the primary response, so the body remembers how to counteract the antigens he has previously encountered. If the antigen enters the body for the second time, it starts the secondary response of memory cells. Every time the body is exposed to a specific antigen, the number of memory cells increases.