What Does a Facilities Specialist Do?

Facility layout is to reasonably arrange the relative positions and areas of various functional units (production or service units) and related auxiliary facilities within an enterprise or an organization to ensure the smooth flow of work flow (customers or materials) and information flow in the system.

Facilities layout

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Facility layout is to reasonably arrange the relative positions and areas of various functional units (production or service units) and related auxiliary facilities within an enterprise or an organization to ensure the smooth flow of work flow (customers or materials) and information flow in the system.

1. Which economic activity units should be included

This problem depends on many factors such as the company's product, process design requirements, the scale of the company, the level of production specialization and collaboration of the company. In turn, the composition of economic activity units has a significant impact on productivity. For example, in some cases, it is sufficient to have a tool library in a factory set, but in other cases, there may be a tool library in each workshop or each section.

2.How much space does each unit need

Too small space may affect productivity, affect staff activities, and sometimes even cause personal accidents; too much space is a waste, it will also affect productivity, and isolate workers from each other, creating unnecessary Alienation.

3.What is the shape of each unit space?

The size of each unit, how it is shaped, and which units it should contain are actually interrelated. For example, a processing unit should include several machines, and how these machines should be arranged, so how much space it takes requires comprehensive consideration. If the space is limited, you can only consider whether it is lined up or arranged in a triangle in the limited space; if it must be lined up or triangled according to the needs of the processing technology, you must consider how large it is under this condition Space and the shape of the space needed. In office design, the arrangement of desks is similar.

4. Location of each unit within the facility

This question should include two meanings: the absolute position and relative position of the unit. Sometimes the absolute position of several units changes, but the relative position does not change. The relative significance of the relative position is that it is related to whether the material handling route is reasonable, whether to save freight and time, and whether communication is convenient. In addition, if the internal relative position has little effect, the connection with the outside should also be considered, for example, the unit with the entrance and exit should be placed near the roadside.

Process layouts

Also called workshop or functional layout, refers to a production layout that puts similar equipment or functions together, such as putting all the lathes in one place and the punching machine in another place. The processed parts are transferred from one place to another according to a preset process sequence, and each operation is completed by a suitable machine. Hospitals are typical of adopting a process-oriented layout.

Product layouts

Also known as assembly line layout, refers to a layout method that arranges equipment or work processes according to the steps of product manufacturing. The production of shoes, chemical equipment and automotive cleaners is designed according to the principle of product orientation.

Hybrid layouts

Mixed layout is a common method of facility layout. Refers to a layout method that combines two layout methods. For example, some factories generally adopt a product-oriented layout according to the product-oriented layout (including the three stages of processing, component assembly, and final assembly) during the processing stage, and a product-oriented layout during the component and final assembly stages. The main purpose of this arrangement method is: when the output of the product is not large enough to use the production line, try to make the product production in a certain order and the logistics flow in a certain order according to a certain batch of products and process similarity to reduce The purpose of intermediate work in process inventory and shortening production cycle. The method of mixed arrangement includes: one person, multiple machines,

The process-oriented layout is suitable for processing small batches and highly customized production and services. Its advantages are: the flexibility of equipment and personnel arrangements; its disadvantages: the versatility of equipment use requires higher labor proficiency and innovation,

In the layout of the facility, in addition to the production organization strategy and product processing characteristics (which is obvious), other factors should be considered. In other words, a good facility layout plan should be able to make equipment and personnel efficiency and efficiency as good as possible. To this end, the following factors should also be considered:

1. Required investment

Facility layout will largely determine the space, equipment and inventory levels

Weight--distance mode

Plant floor layout principles

From to card

Economic Benefit Comparison Method

Traffic matrix

Template layout

Procedures for general layout of the enterprise

Material flow diagram

Logistics from to analysis table

Factor comparison

Pros and cons

Plant floor layout method introduction

Block zoning

The basic requirement of the plant layout is to have a systematic perspective, taking into account all requirements, reasonable layout and careful arrangements, and pay attention to the overall effect. Generally, the following three principles should be followed:

1. Process principle

The layout of the plant area should first meet the requirements of the production process, that is, the process flow of the entire plant should be smooth, from the upper process to the next process, the transportation distance should be short and straight, and avoiding roundabout and round-trip transportation as much as possible.

2. Economic principle

The production process is an organic whole, which can only be carried out smoothly with the cooperation of various departments. Among them, the basic production process (product processing process) is the main body, and the production departments that are closely related to it should be as close to it as possible, such as auxiliary production workshops. And the service department should arrange around the basic production workshop. On the premise of meeting the requirements of the process, the layout plan for the minimum transportation volume is required, and the land area is fully utilized.

3 Safety and environmental principles

The layout of the factory area should also be conducive to safe production and the physical and mental health of the employees. For example, the flammable and explosive materials warehouse should be kept away from crowded areas, and there should be safety precautions and adequate fire safety facilities. Requirements, there are three waste treatment measures and so on.

The warehousing industry is an industry with a large proportion in non-manufacturing industries. It is of great significance to shorten the time of storing and receiving goods and reduce the cost of warehousing management through its warehouse layout. In a sense, a warehouse is similar to a manufacturing factory because items also need to move between different locations (units). Therefore, there can be many different schemes for warehouse layout. The purpose of general warehouse layout problems is to find a layout scheme to minimize the total handling capacity. This objective function is consistent with the objective function of the facility layout of many manufacturing enterprises. Therefore, methods such as the load distance method can be used. In fact, the situation of such a warehouse arrangement is simpler than the arrangement of economically active units in a manufacturing plant, because all the handling takes place between the entrance and the cargo area, and there is no handling between the various cargo areas.

This warehouse arrangement is further divided into two different situations: (1) The area of the cargo area required for various items is the same. In this case, it is only necessary to arrange the cargo area of the item with the highest number of times of transportation near the entrance and exit to obtain the minimum total load; (2) The area of the cargo area required for various items is different. You need to first calculate the ratio of the number of times an item is transported to the number of required cargo areas, and take the one with the largest ratio close to the entrance and exit and arrange them in order.

The above is a simple and easy way of arranging the warehouse cargo area with the goal of minimizing the total load. In practice, according to different situations, there can be multiple schemes for the layout of the warehouse, and multiple considerations for the target. For example, the demand for different items is often seasonal. During New Year's Day and the Spring Festival, TV and stereo should be placed near the entrance. For another example, different methods of space utilization will also bring different requirements for warehouse layout. In the same area, an elevated three-dimensional warehouse can store much more items. Due to differences in picking equipment, storage records, etc., there will also be differences in layout methods. For another example, the introduction of new technology will bring the possibility of considering more effective solutions: when the computer warehouse information management system can make the picker quickly know the exact storage location of each item, and design a set of different for the picker The best picking and walking route for items and the same truck; automatic sorting and transporting lines allow warehouse personnel to work in partitions without having to travel through the entire warehouse, and so on. All in all, there are various ways of arranging warehouses based on different goals, different technologies used, and the characteristics of the storage facility itself.

Facility layout facility layout tools

Equipment layout tools generally include layout sketches, layout templates, and layout models. A layout sketch is a plan or perspective view of the process flow and material flow. On the layout sketch, the equipment arrangement should be unfolded at a certain scale and correspondingly coded for easy identification and operation. The layout template is one of the most commonly used layout methods, that is, a plastic template or a wooden board is used to make a device template similar to the physical shape of the device, which is reduced by a certain proportion, and the device template is used for the plane layout of the device. The layout model is similar to the layout template, except that the planar template is replaced with a solid model, so that the model outline is more similar to the real thing. The layout model is convenient and accurate, and it is convenient to determine the space layout of the equipment, but the cost is high.

Of course, in the actual equipment layout of the factory, the factory is not limited to one of the layout tools, but a combination of various equipment layout tools, especially the equipment layout sketch, is often used as a preparatory work for layout templates and layout models. To reduce the workload.

Facility layout principle

There are three forms of equipment arrangement: one is the process specialization form, that is, the same type of equipment is arranged together, also known as the machine group; the second is the object specialization form, that is, the different types of equipment required to manufacture a product The equipments are arranged together according to the process order; the third is the mixed form, that is, the combination of the former two forms.

The principle of equipment layout is:

1. Shortest path principle. Try to keep the product through the shortest processing route of each equipment. When the equipment is supervised, the walking distance between workers is the shortest;

2. Relevance principle. The association principle requires that closely related facilities be brought close together, and equipment for processing large products should be arranged in a workshop with an overhead crane. Equipment for processing long bars is arranged as far as possible at the entrance of the workshop;

3. Ensure safety. There should be a certain distance between each device, between the device and the wall or pillar. The transmission part of the equipment must have the necessary protective devices;

4. Coordination principles. The division of labor must be coordinated, and the relationship between facilities should be rationally planned with a systematic and holistic concept. Coordination includes internal coordination and external coordination. Internal coordination guarantees the integrity of all facilities within the enterprise; external coordination needs to consider the impact of corporate facilities on the environment. For example, the layout of factory facilities in tourist cities must consider the requirements of municipal administration.

5. Make full use of the production area of the workshop. In a workshop, the equipment can be arranged in vertical, horizontal or oblique angles according to local conditions, and no unusable area is left.

6. Principles of specialization. Facility layout should conform to the principle of specialization based on division of labor, such as specialization according to process specialty or object, so as to improve productivity and management efficiency.

7, the principle of division of labor. Reasonable division of labor between facilities, such as living areas, production areas, office areas, etc., a reasonable division of labor is conducive to management, environmental protection and safety.

8. The principle of flexibility. Facility layout should consider the needs of future development, leave room for expansion, and leave expandable space for the future development of the enterprise.

-- Facilities layout from-to table method

The from-to-table method is a commonly used method for plant equipment layout. The from-to-table is a tool for recording the material transportation between various equipments in the workshop. It is a matrix chart, which is widely used because of its clear expression and easy reading. Generally speaking, the from-to table is divided into three categories according to the meaning of the data elements it contains: the table-type element represents the distance from the departure device to the arrival device, which is called the distance from-to table; the table-type element represents the The transportation cost from the departure equipment to the arrival equipment is called the transportation cost from-to table; the table element represents the number of times the transportation from the departure equipment to the arrival equipment is called the transportation frequency from-to table. When the optimization is achieved, the optimization schemes represented by the three successful bids can respectively minimize the transportation distance, minimize the transportation cost, and minimize the number of transportation times.

Below, with an example of the layout of a production line, the operation steps from-to the table method are explained.

Set up a production line to process 17 parts. The production line includes 8 types of equipment and 10 working sites. The distance between any two adjacent working sites is substantially equal and is recorded as a unit distance. The solution steps from to table method are as follows:

Step 1. According to the comprehensive process roadmap, compile the parts from-to table. The number in each box in the table represents the number of times a part has been moved from one job to another. Therefore, this one-to-one table is the number-to-one table. The number of grids in the table indicates the number of units in the distance between the two work sites. Therefore, the closer to the square of the diagonal, the greater the distance between the two work sites. small.

Table: Initial parts from-to table

Step 2. Improve the arrangement order of parts from-to the table. The optimal arrangement order should meet the following conditions. From the two machines with the highest number of times, they should be as close as possible. From the analysis of the table from the above, it is necessary to make the larger from table to the table. The closer the number is to the object line.

Step 3. Evaluate the optimization results through calculation. Because the distance between the data grid and the diagonal represents the distance between the two processes, and the data represents the number of times the part has been moved between the two processes, you can use the sum of the product of the data in the grid and the distance from the diagonal to the diagonal. , To represent the total moving distance of the part: