What Are the Causes of Snoring in Toddlers?

Bullying is a special type of aggressive behavior that often occurs among children, especially among elementary and middle school students. That is to say, bullying is an attack by the stronger side against the weaker side, usually manifested as bullying the small, bullying the weak, and bullying the public.

Chinese name: Child bullying

Foreign name: Children's bullying behavior
Applied discipline: psychology

Definition of child bullying

Bullying is a special type of aggressive behavior that often occurs among children, especially among elementary and middle school students. At present, most researchers use the definition of bullying proposed by Professor Peter Smith of the Gosho Smith College of the University of London in the United Kingdom. Bullying is an attack by a stronger party against a weaker party, usually manifested as bullying. , Bullying by weakness, bullying by crowds. According to this definition, bullying has three characteristics: First, bullying is a special type of aggressive behavior, or behavior that intentionally harms others, that is, it belongs to a subset of aggressive behavior. Secondly, there is an imbalance in strength between the two sides of the bullying behavior, that is, the perpetrator of the bullying behavior is in a superior position in physical or psychological strength, and the victim cannot perform effective counterattack or self-defense when being bullied. The imbalance of power is the essential characteristic of bullying different from general aggressive behavior. In addition, bullying often has recurring characteristics, that is, bullies will often bully others for a long period of time, and victims will often be bullied by others. ^[1]

Child bullying classification

According to the ways and manifestations of bullying, we can divide bullying into two types: direct bullying and indirect bullying. The former can be divided into direct physical bullying (such as beating, kicking, grabbing, biting, shoving, and other physical actions such as extortion, snatching, and destroying items) and direct verbal bullying (such as abusive, sarcastic, mocking, ridiculous, nickname, etc. Speech Act). Indirect bullying is bullying by bullies with the help of third parties, which mainly includes talking bad things behind people, spreading rumors, social exclusion, and social isolation. Indirect bullying is more subtle and usually not easy to attract people's attention and attention, but in fact it will also cause serious harm to the victim, especially lasting psychological harm.

Bullying is a kind of offensive behavior that is common in daughter-in-law. It is not only a matter of moral development, but also a major issue related to social security and personal health. At the end of the 1960s, two children in Norway committed suicide due to intolerable bullying. As a result, educators and researchers in related fields have paid widespread attention to the problem of bullying in children. This has raised behavioral scientists and educators' research on bullying. Boom. A large number of studies have found that, although there are some differences in the characteristics of bullying in various countries, the universality of bullying is an indisputable fact, and bullying has great harm to the physical and mental health of both parties, especially the victim. . Children who are frequently bullied are emotionally depressed, distracted, and feel lonely. Some of them show problems such as decreased academic performance, truancy and insomnia, and may even commit suicide. The crime rate of bullies is about four times higher than that of ordinary people. , Its harm to individuals and society is evident. Therefore, it is very important to study the causes and intervention measures of bullying behavior in children.

Causes of bullying in children

Children's bullying competition hypothesis

The theory of "competition hypothesis" believes that children's bullying behavior is the result of competition and achievement in school, and it is a response to frustration and failure in school.

Child- specific bullying behaviors

The "external specificity hypothesis" theory believes that children are bullied because of their own external abnormalities, such as obesity, wearing glasses, and speaking in dialects.

Child Bullying Attachment Theory

"The attachment theory hypothesis": This hypothesis was first proposed by Troy and sroufc. Its main point is that the type of attachment formed between early childhood and caregivers affects its "internal working model" (IWN ), The formation of an unsafe IWN during childhood may cause children to be unsafe and anxious in school later, leading to bullying. Troy and sroufc's research found that children with a history of unsafe attachment showed more bullying behaviors than other children, while children with a history of safe attachment could avoid bullying. Myron. Research by wilson and smith supports my conclusion.

Children's Bullying Behavior Theory of Mind

In recent years, related researchers have tried to explore the causes of child bullying from the perspective of children's "psychological theory." "Mind theory" refers to children's reasoning or cognition of the mental state of others and the relationship between other people's behavior and their mental state. It can also be said to be a set of ways for children to understand the thoughts, feelings and motivations of others. From this perspective, relevant researchers have found that children who bully others know how to hurt each other and how to choose the opportunity to escape, which means that these children have a better grasp of each other's psychology, but they just like to bring to others pain.

The dangers of bullying in children

Research shows that bullying behaviors have a series of negative effects on the victims, bullies, schools, and society, which is a violation of social democratic rights.

Children's Bullying Behavior The Impact of Bullying on the Bully and the Bully

The negative effects of bullying on children's physical and mental health include: bullying often causes physical harm to children; children are reluctant to go to school because of fear of bullying, lose interest in school, and even truancy; bullying can damage the self-esteem and confidence of children's children The victim may feel ashamed and see himself as a failure. Frequent bullying usually results in emotional depression, anxiety, and related symptoms, such as headache, stomach pain, insomnia, and nightmares. In extreme case F, the victim may experience severe Depression and even some thought of suicide.

For the bully side, the negative consequences of bullying mainly include: if not stopped, some children will use bullying as an effective means to achieve personal goals and use it for a long time. Over time, these children will form offensive personality characteristics; bully Poor personality traits hinder normal social interactions with other children and lead them to exclusion from peer groups. On the one hand, bad peer relationships and low social status will negatively affect the sociality and personality development of bullies on the one hand, and the other side will cause bullies to gather together to form bad interpersonal gangs, further Increase its occurrence of antisocial behavior. Studies have found that children who regularly bully others have an adult crime rate four times higher than normal.

Child bullying school bullying contradicts moral education requirements

China's primary and secondary education attaches great importance to moral education. Article 8 of our "Code for Primary and Secondary School Students" states: "Love the collective, unite classmates, help each other, and care for others." The rules of student behavior also set the behavior of elementary and middle school students: "Classmates and friends are quiet, caring and helping each other. Do not bully the weak, do not laugh or tease others" (Article 4 of the R Code of Conduct for Primary School Students), "Civilized behavior "No swearing, no cursing, no fighting" (Fourth Festival of "The Normal Behavior of Middle School Students"). , Not bullying classmates, not teasing others "(Article 10 of the" Code of Conduct for Middle School Students' Daily Behavior "). Obviously, in the sense of bullying behavior and these behaviors and school moral education, bullying intervention is an important part of school moral education.

Bullying in children Bullying is a violation of basic democratic power

The detrimental description of bullying is that it threatens citizens' basic democratic rights. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights stipulates: "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and personal security" (art. 3) and "no one is punishable" (art. 5). Regarding the enjoyment of these rights by children as citizens, the Joint Convention on the Rights of the Child states: "States parties shall respect the rights set forth in this Convention and ensure that every child in his jurisdiction enjoys such rights. No distinction is made because of race, color, sex, wealth, religion, politics or other opinions, nationality, travel or social origin, property, disability, birth, or other status. "My country, the People s Republic of China Article 5 of the Law on the Protection of Juveniles provides: "The personal, property and other legitimate rights and interests of adults returning home are not violated. Any organization or individual has the right to discourage and stop acts that violate the legal rights and interests of minors Or file a report or complaint with the relevant department. The state, Jigui Association, and Xuesuowo Court should teach secret means to protect the legal rights of young people. "Obviously, the occurrence of school bullying Violates basic rights such as personal safety and property that citizens should enjoy.