What Is an Inactivated Vaccine?

An inactivated vaccine is a virus or bacterium that is cultured and then inactivated with heat or chemicals (usually formalin). Inactivated vaccines can be composed of whole viruses or bacteria, or they can be composed of lysed fragments of lysed vaccines.

An inactivated vaccine is a virus or bacterium that is cultured and then inactivated with heat or chemicals (usually formalin). Inactivated vaccines can be composed of whole viruses or bacteria, or they can be composed of lysed fragments of lysed vaccines.

Chinese name

Inactivated vaccine

Foreign name

Inactivated vaccines

Condition

Multiple vaccination

For example

Pertussis vaccine, influenza vaccine

Inactivated vaccine

An inactivated vaccine is a virus or bacterium that is cultured and then inactivated with heat or chemicals (usually formalin). Inactivated vaccines can be composed of whole viruses or bacteria, or they can be composed of lysed fragments of lysed vaccines. In the production of a split vaccine, the microorganism is further purified until the vaccine contains only the required antigenic components (such as pneumococcal polysaccharides). It can be either a protein vaccine or a polysaccharide vaccine. Protein vaccines include toxoids (inactivated bacterial toxins) and subunit vaccines. Most polysaccharide vaccines are composed of bacterial purified cell wall polysaccharides; conjugate vaccines are vaccines obtained by chemically linking polysaccharides to proteins, making them more effective vaccines ^[1] .

Inactivated vaccine 2. Immune mechanism

The inactivated vaccine enables the recipient to produce an immune response mainly based on humoral immunity. The antibodies produced by it can neutralize and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and the toxins produced by them, and have a better protective effect on pathogenic microorganisms infected by extracellular. Inactivated vaccines have poor or ineffective protection against viruses, intracellular parasitic bacteria, and parasites ^[1] .

Inactivated vaccine

Currently (2013) inactivated vaccines used in China include diabetic vaccine, influenza vaccine, rabies vaccine and hepatitis A inactivated vaccine.

Diabetic preparation

It is a mixture of pertussis vaccine, refined diphtheria toxoid and refined tetanus toxoid, which can prevent pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus at the same time.

[Adverse reactions] Local swelling, pain, itching or low fever, fatigue and headache may occur. It usually subsides without special treatment. Occasionally allergic rash, angioedema. aseptic purulent. Most of the injections were too shallow or the vaccine was not shaken, and the induration could not be absorbed and the injection site became pus. If the systemic reaction is severe, you should go to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment in time.

[Contraindications] Patients with a history of epilepsy, nervous system disease, and convulsions are prohibited; patients with acute infectious diseases (including the recovery period) and fever are temporarily deferred; immunizations for children are prohibited for adults.

[Precautions] Shake well before use. The product must not be frozen, and clots may appear after freezing. Do not use it. Intramuscular injection may cause local induration, which can be gradually absorbed. The other part should be replaced when the second needle is injected. 1: 1000 epinephrine is available for emergency use in the event of shock; patients who develop abnormalities such as high fever and convulsions after the first injection will not receive the second injection.

2. Hepatitis A inactivated vaccine

[Adverse reactions] After the vaccination, the adverse reactions are mild, and the local adverse reactions are mostly pain, with occasional redness, swelling, and induration; systemic adverse reactions include headache, fever, nausea, etc., which last for no more than 24 hours and can usually be relieved by themselves. If an allergic reaction occurs, symptomatic treatment should be done promptly.

[Contraindications] (1) Patients with hepatitis or other serious diseases.

(2) Vaccination should be postponed for patients with febrile diseases.

(3) Those who are allergic to any of the components of this vaccine.

[Precautions] (1) Shake well before injection.

(2) Do not use the container if it is cracked, the vaccine is deteriorated, or there are lumps.

(3) Those with a history of allergies or family allergies should be used with caution.

3. Influenza vaccine

[Adverse reactions] Redness, swelling, pain, and induration may appear at the injection site after vaccination. Fever, dizziness, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, rare neuralgia, paresthesia, convulsions, transient thrombocytopenia, etc. are seen.

[Contraindications] 1) Contraindications clearly listed in the vaccine manufacturer's instructions;

(2) Those who are allergic to any component of the vaccine (such as vaccine active substances, egg allergies, formalin, gentamicin sulfate, etc.), or those with severe allergies are strictly forbidden;

(3) Vaccination is strictly forbidden with acute clinical symptoms, such as fever and acute infection;

(4) Use with caution in patients with advanced cancer, heart and lung failure, and pregnant women;

(5) Vaccination is strictly prohibited for those who have suffered Guillain-Barré syndrome;

(6) In addition to the above phenomena, those with uncomfortable health conditions and contraindications are not easy to use or consult a doctor before inoculating.

[Precautions] 1. Please observe at the inoculation site for 15 to 30 minutes after vaccination.

2. Keep the inoculation area dry and clean within 24 hours. Try not to bathe.

3. After the inoculation, if the inoculation site becomes red, with pain, low fever, etc., these conditions are normal and usually disappear naturally after 24 hours.

4. If you have a persistent fever, go to the nearest hospital for treatment and report to the vaccination unit.

4. Rabies vaccine

[Adverse reactions] Local reactions: A few have injection site pain, redness, induration, itching, and even edema and lymphadenopathy. Systemic reactions: Refined VERO cell rabies vaccine and refined hamster kidney cell vaccine. Because the vaccine is purified and has minimal white impurities, side effects from vaccination are rare or mild.

[Contraindications] Therapeutic vaccination: Since rabies is a fatal disease, any contraindications to save lives are secondary, so there is no contraindication for prevention after being bitten by an animal with rabies.

[Precautions] (1) Do not use the product if it is found that the product has a clot or discoloration, or that the ampoule is cracked, or the liquid vaccine has been frozen.

(2) The vaccine should be used within the validity period.

(3) Work as usual during vaccination, but avoid irritating food such as diet wine, strong tea, and intense labor to avoid causing a reaction.

(4) People with severe bites must use anti-rabies serum in combination.

(5) Reserve 1: 1000 adrenaline.

Inactivated vaccine

Advantages: safe to use; easy to save; no danger of contamination; not sensitive to the neutralizing effect of maternal antibodies; easy to make combined seedlings or multivalent seedlings.

Disadvantages: large inoculation dose; short immunization period; single immunization pathway; mainly stimulate humoral immunity; failed to produce better mucosal immunity.

Inactivated vaccine

Regarding the dosage of inactivated vaccines, it is best to determine the dosage according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Generally, the first exemption is not necessary to increase the dosage. A reasonable dosage is the most important. An excessive dosage will cause waste, and an excessive dosage will cause waste Causes inflammation at the vaccination site and affects vaccine response.

Inactivated vaccine

Inactivated vaccines often require multiple vaccination. One dose does not produce protective immunity, it merely "initializes" the immune system. The second or third dose must be inoculated to produce protective immunity. The immune response it causes is usually humoral, with little or no cellular immunity. The titer of antibodies produced by inactivated vaccines decreases over time. Therefore, some inactivated vaccines need regular vaccination. Inactivated vaccines are generally not affected by circulating antibodies, and can be vaccinated even if antibodies are present in the blood. It cannot be replicated in the body and can be used for immunodeficiency patients ^[2] .