What Is a Vitamin K Antagonist?
Vitamin K deficiency, also known as acquired hypothrombin, refers to bleeding that is caused by vitamin K deficiency resulting in low vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor activity and can be corrected by vitamin K. The presence of underlying diseases causing vitamin K deficiency, bleeding tendency, and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency or reduction are characterized.
- nickname
- Acquired Prothrombin
- Visiting department
- Nutrition
- Common causes
- Inadequate intake, liver disease, vitamin K antagonists, etc.
- Common symptoms
- Skin purpura, bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, vomiting, hematuria, etc.
Basic Information
Causes of vitamin K deficiency
- Insufficient intake
- Foods, especially green vegetables, are rich in vitamin K, and intestinal bacteria can use cellulose as the main raw material to synthesize endogenous vitamin K. Insufficient intake can be caused under the following conditions: long-term too little or no food; long-term low-fat diet, vitamin K is fat-soluble, and its absorption depends on the appropriate amount of lipids; biliary diseases, such as obstructive jaundice, biliary drainage Or fistula formation, vitamin K malabsorption due to bile salt deficiency; malabsorption syndrome due to intestinal fistula, extensive small bowel resection, chronic diarrhea, etc .; long-term use (oral) antibiotics, causing intestinal flora imbalance, internal Reduced source synthesis.
- Liver disease
- Severe hepatitis, decompensated liver cirrhosis, and advanced liver cancer, etc. Due to impaired liver function, and vitamin K uptake, absorption, metabolism, and utilization disorders, the liver cannot synthesize normal amounts of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors.
- 3. Oral vitamin K antagonist
- Such as coumarins. They have a structure similar to vitamin K but have no function, and interfere with the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors through competitive inhibition.
- 4. Newborn
- Newborns 2 to 7 days after birth can cause bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency due to storage and consumption of vitamin K in the body, insufficient intake, and endogenous disorders.
Clinical manifestations of vitamin K deficiency
- In addition to the symptoms and signs of the primary disease, the main manifestation of the disease is bleeding.
- 1. Skin and mucosal bleeding such as skin purpura, bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, etc.
- 2. Visceral bleeding such as vomiting blood, black feces, hematuria, and excessive menstruation, etc., severe cases can cause intracranial hemorrhage.
- 3. Wound bleeding after trauma or surgery.
- 4. Neonatal hemorrhage is more common in 2 to 3 days after birth, and often manifests as umbilical cord bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding in this disease is generally mild, with rare occurrence of bleeding in muscles, joints and other deep tissues.
Vitamin K deficiency test
- Screening test
- PT extension and APTT extension.
- 2. Confirmation test
- FX, F, F, prothrombin antigen and activity decreased.
Vitamin K deficiency diagnosis
- Diagnostic reference standards: there are basic diseases that cause vitamin K deficiency; mild, moderate bleeding of skin, mucous membranes and internal organs; prolonged PT and APTT, decreased FX, F, and prothrombin antigen and activity; effective vitamin K treatment .
Vitamin K deficiency treatment
- 1. Treat related underlying diseases
- 2. Diet therapy
- Eat more foods rich in vitamin K, such as fresh vegetables such as green vegetables.
- 3. Vitamin K supplements
- (1) Vitamin K is given orally in divided doses for more than half a month.
- (2) Patients with severe bleeding or biliary tract disease vitamin K 1 is added to glucose solution by intravenous drip.
- 4. Coagulation factor supplement
- If the disease is severely bleeding, it is difficult for vitamin K to stop bleeding quickly. Intravenous infusion of cold sediment can be used, and fresh frozen plasma can be transfused.