What is a Cosmonaut?

Astronauts, or astronauts, and astronauts in their entirety, refer to people who have taken space flight as a profession or have performed space flight. The criteria for determining space flight are not completely uniform. In the United States, people who travel at altitudes above 80 kilometers (50 miles) are called astronauts. The space flight defined by the International Aviation Federation (FAI) requires more than 100 kilometers. As of April 18, 2004, a total of 440 people, as defined by the United States, spent a total of 27,082 crew-days in space (crew-day, US definition), and walked in space and shared 98 crew-days . Only 434 people qualify under the definition of the International Aviation Federation. Astronauts entering space come from at least 32 countries. Astronauts are also known as astronauts in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. As of 2013, only the former Soviet Union / Russia, the United States, and China had the capability to launch manned space missions. Astronauts in other countries need to cooperate with the above three countries to complete manned space missions. Since the first flight of mankind in 1961, a total of astronauts from 38 countries have been flying.

Astronauts hired by the Russian Aeronautics and Space Administration ^[1]

The first astronaut in the world was Soviet

living environment

Space is a magical world full of charm, and life in space is a charming and curious magic topic.

The space environment is very different from the global environment, where there is no air, no gravity, and it is full of danger.

Until the late 1970s, only the United States and the Soviet Union had active astronauts. In 1976, the Soviet Union began the Intercosmos program, forming the first group of six astronauts selected from socialist companion countries, and the second group began training in 1978. At about the same time in 1978, the European Space Agency selected four astronauts for training to carry out the first space laboratory mission on board the space shuttle. France began training its own astronauts (called spationauts in English) in 1980, followed by Germany in 1982, then Canada in 1983, and Japan and Italy in 1985 and 1988, respectively. Several more international shipping experts were selected as space shuttle astronauts, and Russia's Soyuz missions later also had international experts involved. In 1998, the European Space Agency formed a single astronaut organization to dissolve the former national organizations of France, Germany and Italy.

Astronaut in history

Ellen Shepard May 5, 1961: American astronaut Ellen Shepard arrived at a distance of 116.5 miles from Earth with the "Liberty" spacecraft. He continued to fly in suborbit for 15 minutes and became America's first astronaut.

In 1959, seven people including Skyra were selected by NASA as the first astronauts. Prior to that, he was a Navy test pilot. Out of political needs, NASA has vigorously publicized the deeds of these seven astronauts, making them the hearts of Americans.

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

national hero. Currently, only two of the seven are alive.

In October 1962, Skira participated in the fifth flight of the Mercury program. Global Earth flew for six weeks and the flight time exceeded 9 hours. In December 1965, he participated in the space flight of Gemini 6 as a commander. ; In October 1968, he participated in the flight of Apollo 7 as a commander. The flight lasted 11 days, and the purpose was to test the process and equipment for the official moon landing. In 1969, Skira retired from the US Navy and NASA. He has co-authored a book with the former NASA public affairs officer, Ed Buckbee, entitled The Real Space Cowboy, describing astronauts involved in the Mercury program and their contributions to the US Space Program. Contribution.

Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in a family farm in Klushino, a village in the village of Kluino, Gzatsk region, Smolensk region, Soviet Union. Belarusian. On April 12, 1961, at 9:07 a.m. Moscow time, Gagarin set off from the Beknur launch site on the "Eastern" spacecraft 1 and orbited the earth in an orbit with a maximum altitude of 301 kilometers for a period of 1 It landed in the Soviet Union at 10:55 in the hour and 48 minutes, completing the first manned space flight in the world, and fulfilling human aspirations to enter space. After the first space flight, Gagarin actively participated in the training of other astronauts. He became astronaut captain in May 1961 and was promoted to deputy director of the astronaut training center in December 1963. While training other astronauts, he did not give up training himself, dreaming of being able to enter space again. In April 1967, he completed training preparations for the first flight of the Soyuz spacecraft, becoming a replacement for astronaut Komarov. In addition to aerospace training, he did not give up flying fighter jets. He also entered the Zhukovsky Aviation Military Academy to continue his flight studies. He graduated in February 1968. On March 27, 1968, he and flight instructor Xie Liaojin died during a routine training flight when a two-seater jet crashed. After Gagarin's death, his ashes were buried in the walls of the Kremlin. His hometown, Gazatsk, was named Gagarin, and the astronaut training center where he trained was named after him. To commemorate Gagarin's first feat of entering space, Russia has designated April 12 every year as the Space Festival, a grand commemorative event on this day, in memory of this hero.

On June 14, 1963 and June 16, 1963, the former Soviet Union successively launched the "Eastern-5" piloted by Bekowski and the "Eastern-6" spacecraft piloted by Tereshkova. The orbital time of the two spacecrafts differed by two days, and the short distances on the orbit were separated by 4.8km, and they returned to the ground on the same day.

The significance of this flight is that the driver of the "Eastern-6" Tereshkova is the first woman in the world to fly into the universe. She flew a total of 70 hours, 40 minutes, and 49 seconds, and circled the ground 48 times. The flight was on the eve of the opening of the International Women's Congress. This fact in itself strongly suggests that women can go hand in hand with men in any respect.

March 16, 1926: Robert Goddard, a pioneer in the development of American rockets and a scientist, launched the world's first liquid fueled booster rocket in his aunt s vegetable garden. The rocket rose 41 feet.

The evening of October 4, 1957: The Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite-"Satellite One". The successful launch of this slightly rough metal cylinder symbolized the beginning of a new era of human exploration.

April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin, a 27-year-old Soviet astronaut, orbited the Earth aboard the "Eastern" spacecraft, becoming the first person to fly out of the Earth's atmosphere into outer space.

Soviet astronaut Gagarin

May 5, 1961: American astronaut Alan Shepard followed the Liberty 7 spacecraft to a distance of 116.5 miles from the earth. He continued to fly in suborbit for 15 minutes, becoming the first space in the United States people.

August 6-7, 1961: The 26-year-old Soviet astronaut German Titov orbited the Earth 17 times during a two-day, 25-hour flight. During the flight, he first activated the spacecraft's artificial control system.

June 16, 1963: Soviet astronaut Valentina Tereshkova took off on the "Orient" 6 and became the first woman to enter space. She stayed in space for 2 days and 22 hours, orbiting the earth Fly 48 laps, more than any astronaut in the United States at the time.

March 18, 1965: Astronaut Alexei Leonov of the Soviet "Ascension" spacecraft made the first human spacewalk. He drifted out of the spacecraft and circled the earth at a speed of 15,000 miles per hour. It flew for 10 minutes.

March 16, 1966: American astronauts successfully docked the Gemini 8 spacecraft with the unmanned spacecraft Akina in space.

On July 20, 1969, US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made their first landing on the moon by the Apollo 11 spacecraft

On April 24, 1967, when Soviet astronaut Komarov returned to the ground on the Soyuz-1 spacecraft, because the parachute was not opened, he became the first astronaut to marshal in space.

From January 14 to 17, 1969, the Soviet Union s Soyuz 4 and 5 spacecraft first rendezvoused and docked in space and exchanged astronauts.

July 20, 1969: Astronauts Aldrin and Armstrong on the "Apollo 11" landed on the moon. For the first time, humans left their footprints on planets outside the earth.

April 9, 1971: The Soviet Union launches the world's first long-standing spacecraft Salute 1 space station.

From July 15 to 21, 1975, the United States Apollo spacecraft and the Soviet Union 19 spaceship jointly flew in space, becoming the first international cooperation in human spaceflight.

April 21, 1981: The United States successfully launches and returns to the world's first space shuttle Columbia, making a reusable space shuttle system a reality.

On February 7, 1984, American astronauts McCandless and Stewart left the space shuttle Challenger without a tether, becoming the first "Human Earth Satellites."

On June 7, 1984, the US space shuttle "Challenger" astronaut McCandless used a manned maneuvering device to leave the space shuttle 320 feet, completing the first humanity free space walk.

On July 25, 1984, Soviet Savitzskaya left the Salute 7 space station and became the first female astronaut to walk in space.

On July 25, 1985, Chinese-American astronaut Wang Ganjun entered the space on the Challenger space shuttle and became the first Chinese-American astronaut.

January 28, 1986: The Space Shuttle Challenger exploded when it took off, killing all seven astronauts. This was an unprecedented and huge space disaster.

February 20, 1986: The third generation of the Soviet space station "Peace" was launched into low-Earth orbit by the "Proton" carrier rocket. It weighed 123 tons and had a working volume of 400 cubic meters. It consists of three parts. It is currently the longest-lived space station.

From 1994 to 1995, Russian astronaut Polyakov stayed on the Mir space station for 438 consecutive days, becoming the longest astronaut in space time; and Lucid of the United States stayed on the Mir in 1996. After 188 days, she became the longest female astronaut in space.

In February 1995, on the space shuttle Discovery, American astronaut Collins became the first female captain of the space shuttle.

From March 2 to 18, 1995, the space shuttle Endeavour flew in space. The 7 astronauts on it and the 6 astronauts on Mir, a total of 13 astronauts were in space at the same time and became simultaneously in space The largest number of people.

June 29, 1995: The US space shuttle Atlantis docked with the Russian space station Mir for the first time, and a total of 9 dockings of the space shuttle with the space station began.

From November 19th to December 7th, 1996, the space shuttle Columbia conducted the longest space flight, which lasted 17 days, 15 hours and 53 minutes.

October 31, 2000: Russia sends the first long-term expedition to the International Space Station to change the ISS under construction from unmanned to manned. The expedition consisted of American astronaut William Shepard and Russian astronaut Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev, who stayed on the International Space Station until February 2001.

On February 1, 2003, the US space shuttle Columbia exploded, killing all seven astronauts (including an Israeli astronaut) on board.

From 1969 to 1972, the United States made five Apollo flights, and a total of 12 astronauts landed on the moon.

From 1971 to 2000, the Soviet Union and Russia launched a total of 7 space stations-6 spacecraft salute space station and Mir space station.

At 22:39 Beijing time on July 26, 2005, the US space shuttle Discovery was launched at the Kennedy Space Center and successfully returned to land on August 9. ^[11]

In August 2019, NASA is investigating an "unusual" case: An American astronaut, Anne McClain, was charged with trespassing on her separated partner while living on the International Space Station A bank account for Summer Worden. The US media said that this appeared to be the first crime charge from near-Earth orbit. The indictment alleges that McLean misappropriated the identity of others and illegally obtained Warden's private financial records. McLean subsequently admitted that she had accessed the account while working on the International Space Station, but she denied any wrongdoing. She said through a lawyer that the move was to manage the complex financial situation of the two men. ^[12]